Announcement

**Emil Menzel** · 29 Jun 2008, 09:49 PM

'Elsewhere, Daniel Corbier gave this as an example of a LOGO program:
' to square repeat 4 [forward 50 right 90] end
' to flower repeat 36 [right 10 square] end
' flower

This looks as if involves not just looping but two loops, one nested within the other.

Until today we thought that our tgDraw program could not do this. But we were wrong. The documentation & demos in our .ZIP file will have to be updated accordingly.

'The 'trick' is simply to send strings to FUNCTION tgDrawCheck first, before combining them to send to SUB tgDraw. TgDrawCheck deletes all spaces, capitalizes all text, and expands RPT statements, so that (e.g.) RPT2 (J50) becomes J50J50. Such strings can easily be concatenated. Obviously strings could get so big as to crash the program. But ours don't, and could easily be many times larger without causing any problem.

Code:

'Demo of nesting one RPT command within another
'To run it, paste this code into one of the BareBonesTemplates in the .ZIP file
'In the tgDraw macro language, Jn=jumpForward n steps; On=turnRight n degrees; Xn = RPTn times whatever is within the parentheses


LOCAL square, flower AS STRING                  
square = tgDrawCheck ("X4(j50 o90)")        
flower = tgDrawCheck ("X36(o10" + square + ")" ) 
tgClearScreen        'this sets X,Y pos to center of screen
tgdraw (flower)
tgUpdateScreen
SLEEP 10000

**Emil Menzel** · 9 Aug 2009, 04:25 PM

Our tgDraw program has by now been substantially expanded and improved. Please scrap the old versions, if you have them, and download the new. The attached files contain everything you need; if you download them you do not need the source code that is listed below. The source code is for those who like to browse. It includes tgDraw.INC, which is the heart & core of our program, and tgDrawer.BAS, a demo that amounts to a simple interpreter. Type in almost any statement you wish in the DRAW/Turtle graphics mini-language, and press Enter. Alternatively, you can draw with a mouse, if you really want to. The interpreter does have limitations compared to a compiled program, but it has its advantages too.

tgDrawer.BAS is, coincidentally, for PCC only; it requires both a console screen and a graphics screen. All other programs may be compiled in either PBCC 5+ or PBWin 9+.

SuperDemo.BAS (in the attached .ZIP file) illustrates almost all of the functions in tgDraw's repertoire. One thing is, however, missing -- Multi-Turtles, which Petr developed only in the past few days. So be sure not to miss the Multi-Turtle demos either. They in effect take tgDraw out of the old domain of LOGO and, at least potentially, into the domain of StarLOGO. (Cf., http://education.mit.edu/starlogo/ )

NOTE ADDED 8/10/2009 6:30 PM USA Central Time. The version of tgDraw.Inc that was posted below yesterday was slightly out of date. As of now it has been changed & is up to date, & the same as the version that is in the .ZIP file. The out of date version will most likely not run the multi-turtle programs. Sorry about that.

Code:

'=========================================================================================
'=                                                                                       =
'=                                      TGDRAW.INC                                       =
'=              Turtle graphics core functions, plus a DRAW macro language               =
'=            by E.W. Menzel, Jr. (Emil Menzel) & Petr Schreiber, 2008, 2009             =
'=                                                                                       =
'=========================================================================================
'=                             Save this file as tgDraw.inc                              =
'=========================================================================================
'=                                                                                       =
'=                          FREEWARE; donated to Public Domain                           =
'=                                                                                       =
'=                           original QB prototype circa 1990                            =
'=               revised for PBCC 4.04 and posted on PB forums 05/06/2008                =
'=      revised for PBCC & PBWin, & SUB tgDraw added, Jun 2008, Mar 2009, Aug 2009       =
'=                          requires either PBCC 5+ or PBWin 9+                          =
'=                                                                                       =
'=========================================================================================
'=     This program is named after one of its core subroutines (SUB tgDraw), an          =
'=     emulation & extension of DOS-BASIC's DRAW mini-language. It aims to be            =
'=     95% compatible with DOS-BASIC's DRAW, but to also incorporate the                 =
'=     the capabilities of true Turtle graphics, or "TG" for short.                      =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     To quote Bob Zale (March 2009 PowerBASIC forums):                                 =
'=     "Actually, I think DRAW is a good option for a very select type of application.   =
'=     It adds no extra graphic primitives, but rather just allows you to access         =
'=     them in a different way... If you have a need to dynamically create a graphic     =
'=     at run-time, DRAW can be very helpful."                                           =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     tgDraw is not literally a full-blown emulation of LOGO's Turtle Graphics          =
'=     largely because it is written in a compiled language rather than in an            =
'=     interpreter. What it does to implement the turtle's most basic commands           =
'=     (e.g., turn n degrees, go forward x steps, repeat any move or sequence of         =
'=     moves n times) and to enable one to invoke them either directly or via            =
'=     the much more concise terminology of DRAW code.                                   =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     Quite simply, the DRAW [and tgDraw, and turtle] statement "draws the              =
'=     graphic figure specified in a string expression. DRAW uses 'macro                 =
'=     language' that lets you describe lines in relative terms, by                      =
'=     specifying the distance & direction of graphics-cursor movements."                =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     That is a quote from the excellent overview of DRAW in "The Waite                 =
'=     Groups' Microsoft Quick-BASIC Bible", Microsoft Press, 1990, pp 413 -             =
'=     419. The syntax for the DRAW statement has varied somewhat in                     =
'=     in different BASICs; tgDraw syntax is closest to that of an                       =
'=     interpreted BASIC such as GWBASIC, vs a compiled BASIC such as QB.                =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     For a commercial-grade PBWin .DLL, see Chris Boss's EZGUI version                 =
'=     of a "turtle-like" graphics: http://cwsof.com/                                    =
'=     See H. Abelson & A. diSessa, Turtle geometry, MIT Press, 1986 for the full        =
'=     mathematical power of turtle geometry and also the differences                    =
'=     between turtle, vector & coordinate geometry                                      =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     For a good intro to turtle geometry on the Web see Brian Harvey's book:           =
'=     http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~bh/pdf/v1ch10.pdf                                     =
'=     For very nice programming demos:  http://www.psinvention.com/Turtle.htm           =
'=                                                                                       =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     Sierpinski triangle rendering by Petr Schreiber                                   =
'=     ( conversion from thinBASIC original )                                            =
'=     more info on Sierpinski triangle:                                                 =
'=     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle                                  =
'=                                                                                       =
'=     more info on L systems:                                                           =
'=     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system#Example_6:_Sierpi.C5.84ski_triangle         =
'=     W. McWorter tutorial:  http://spanky.triumf.ca/www/fractint/lsys/tutor.html       =
'=     Robert Jessop Java applet: http://home.clara.net/niknak/fractal/                  =
'=                                                                                       =
'=========================================================================================

#IF NOT %DEF(%WINAPI)
    #INCLUDE "WIN32API.INC"
#ENDIF
DECLARE FUNCTION MakeRotatedFont (BYVAL hDC AS DWORD, BYVAL FontName AS STRING, _
                                  BYVAL PointSize AS LONG, BYVAL Angle AS LONG, _
                                  BYVAL fBold AS LONG, BYVAL fItalic AS LONG, _
                                  BYVAL fUnderline AS LONG, BYVAL fStrikeThru AS LONG) AS DWORD

'turtle primitive basic commands

'-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'-                                   Equates                                   -
'-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%TG_FALSE         = 0
%TG_TRUE          = 1

%TG_SINGLE_BUFFER = 1
%TG_DOUBLE_BUFFER = 2

%TG_BLACK         = 0
%TG_BLUE          = 1
%TG_GREEN         = 2
%TG_CYAN          = 3
%TG_RED           = 4
%TG_MAGENTA       = 5
%TG_BROWN         = 6
%TG_WHITE         = 7
%TG_GRAY          = 8
%TG_LIGHTBLUE     = 9
%TG_LIGHTGREEN    = 10
%TG_LIGHTCYAN     = 11
%TG_LIGHTRED      = 12
%TG_LIGHTMAGENTA  = 13
%TG_YELLOW        = 14
%TG_LIGHTWHITE    = 15

%TG_DEFAULT       = 0

'-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'-                                    Types                                    -
'-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TYPE TurtleType
   ID AS LONG      ' Unique identifier of turtle
   HB AS EXT       'heading BASE angle of turtle, in degrees
   H AS EXT        'heading angle of turtle, in degrees
   PS AS LONG         'PenStatus down (to draw) or up (move but don't draw)
   RTS AS LONG        '0 or -1. -1=Return to start after a jump. For tDRAW "NJ" command
   PX AS SINGLE       'present location, X axis
   PY AS SINGLE
   NX AS SINGLE       'new location, X axis
   NY AS SINGLE
   DistGap AS SINGLE  'When User is drawing with a mouse (e.g., in tgDrawer.BAS),
                      'how far apart (in pixels) must 2 points be before program assumes
                      'it should move without plotting? (cf DRAW BMx,y versus DRAW Mx,y)?
                      'If DistGap <10, "lines" might be spotty &/or drawing might be slow.
   COLOR AS LONG      'foreground color for draw
   Background AS LONG 'background color
   WIDTH AS SINGLE    'pen width in pixels, or window units
   LineStyle AS LONG  '0=Solid lines (default);1=Dash;2=Dot;3=DashDot;4=DashDotDot
                      'LineStyle > 0 requires than Width = 1. See PBCC/PBWin GRAPHIC STYLE
   PAUSE AS LONG      'millisec SLEEP after EACH pen move+draw (in sub tgForward)
                      'zero sleep is OK
   SCALE AS SINGLE    'multiply all (SUB tgForward) move-sizes by this value
   kee AS LONG        'mouse click or keypress
   doubleBuffer AS BYTE
   AttachGraphicHandle AS DWORD 'its value is set by the last call to tgGraphicAttach

   canvasWidth  AS LONG  'size of current turtle window
   canvasHeight AS LONG
   HomeX AS SINGLE       'redefinable place to return to with tgClearScreen...
   HomeY AS SINGLE       '& tgHome (K) commands... see also tgSetDefaults
   LoRandom AS LONG       'Specify low range of values for random numbers
   HiRandom AS LONG       'See RANDSET (alias @)
   FontName AS STRING*15  'for GRAPHIC PRINT font
   FontPoints AS LONG     'scalable print size for GRAPHIC PRINT... can go >= 99
   FontStyle  AS LONG     'print style 0=normal 1=bold 2=italic 4=underline 8=strikeout
END TYPE
GLOBAL turtle AS turtleType
GLOBAL pTurtle as turtleType PTR
GLOBAL idTurtle as long
'-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'-                           Macros, subs, functions                           -
'------------------------------------------------------------------------------
' -- To make program compile under PB/WIN
#IF NOT %DEF(%PB_CC32)
  MACRO STDOUT = MSGBOX
#ENDIF

MACRO Pi = 3.141592653589793#
MACRO Degrees2Rads = 0.0174532925199433##  '0.0174532925199#   'Pi/180
MACRO ValidNum = "+-.0123456789,"       'used in SUB tgDraw
MACRO ValidCmd = "CSPMRFDGLHUEAIJKOQVWXYZ?*!/$#&@~^>" 'used in SUB tgDraw
MACRO RndNum = 666&                               'code val for "make up a random val"
MACRO Arrow =  "V20 NI14 o40 NI14 V20"      'tgdraw it, to show turtle direction

' -- Should be called first, before any drawing
SUB tgAttachGraphic( hWnd AS DWORD, id AS LONG, tgType AS LONG )

  IF tgType = %TG_SINGLE_BUFFER THEN
    GRAPHIC ATTACH hWnd, id
    turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_FALSE
  ELSE
    GRAPHIC ATTACH hWnd, id, REDRAW
    turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_TRUE
  END IF

   turtle.AttachGraphicHandle = hWnd  'save, for use in e.g. tgReadFile's loading of .BMP files
  ' -- Gets the canvas size and so on
  CALL tgSetDefaults()
END SUB

SUB tgSetDefaults()
  turtle.H          = 0
  turtle.HB         = 0
  turtle.PS         = 0
  turtle.RTS        = 0
  turtle.px         = 0
  turtle.py         = 0
  turtle.nx         = 0
  turtle.ny         = 0
  turtle.DistGap    = 10
  turtle.Color     = RGB(0,0,0)
  turtle.background = RGB(255,255,255)
  turtle.width = 1
  turtle.linestyle = 0
  turtle.pause = 0
  turtle.scale = 1
  GRAPHIC GET CLIENT TO turtle.canvasWidth, turtle.canvasHeight
  turtle.HomeX = turtle.canvasWidth / 2
  turtle.HomeY = turtle.canvasHeight / 2
  turtle.LoRandom = 0
  turtle.HiRandom = 0
  turtle.FontName = "Times New Roman"   'STRING*15 (fixed size unless you revise TurtleType above)
  turtle.FontPoints = 8
  turtle.FontStyle  = 0
END SUB

' -- Sets active turtle
' -- tgAttachGraphic MUST be called after this for the first time!
SUB tgSetTurtle( byref newTurtle as turtleType )
  local memorySoup as string

  ' -- If there was some active, we will copy the data back
  if pTurtle <> 0 then
    memorySoup = peek$(varptr(turtle), sizeof(turtleType))
    poke$ pTurtle, memorySoup
  end if

  ' -- Generate ID for new turtle
  if newTurtle.ID = 0 then
    incr idTurtle
    newTurtle.ID = idTurtle
  end if

  ' -- Bind new turtle
  pTurtle = varptr(newTurtle)
  memorySoup = peek$(pTurtle, sizeof(turtleType))
  poke$ varptr(turtle), memorySoup

END SUB

' -- Gets active turtle ID identifier (positive number)
' -- It returns %TG_DEFAULT for default turtle
function tgGetTurtleID() as long
  function = turtle.ID
end function


' -- Updates the canvas bitmap, only in case of double buffer mode
MACRO tgUpdateScreen()
  IF turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_TRUE THEN GRAPHIC REDRAW
END MACRO

' -- Sets foreground and background color for drawing in RGB
MACRO tgSetColorRGB( f, b )
  turtle.Color     = f
  turtle.background = b
  GRAPHIC COLOR turtle.Color, turtle.background
END MACRO

' -- Sets foreground and background color for drawing in DOS like numbers
MACRO tgSetColor( f, b )
  turtle.Color     = tgColorVal(f)
  turtle.background = tgColorVal(b)
  GRAPHIC COLOR turtle.Color, turtle.background
END MACRO

' -- Sets width
MACRO tgSetWidth( nWidth )
  turtle.width     = nwidth
END MACRO

' -- Clears screen using current background color
MACRO tgClearScreen
    GRAPHIC CLEAR turtle.Background   'clear graphic window
    GRAPHIC SET POS (turtle.HomeX, turtle.HomeY)
    IF turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_FALSE THEN GRAPHIC REDRAW
    turtle.PX = turtle.HomeX
    turtle.PY = turtle.HomeY
    turtle.H = 0       'angle turtle is now headed
    turtle.HB = 0      'base angle
    tgPenDown
END MACRO

' -- Centers cursor
MACRO tgHome()
    IF turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_FALSE THEN GRAPHIC REDRAW
    GRAPHIC SET POS (turtle.HomeX, turtle.homeY)
    turtle.PX = turtle.HomeX
    turtle.PY = turtle.HomeY
    turtle.H  = 0      'angle turtle is now headed
    turtle.HB = 0      'base angle
    tgPenDown
END MACRO

' -- Sets cursor at position
MACRO tgSetPos( x, y )

    GRAPHIC SET POS (x, y)
    turtle.PX = x
    turtle.PY = y
    turtle.H  = 0       'angle turtle is now headed
    turtle.HB = 0      'base angle
    tgPenDown()

END MACRO

' -- Turtle Basic Commands
'Forward & Backward are the turtle counterparts for the DOS DRAW commands RDLREFGH and M+x,-y
'NOTE: For the tgDraw codes Jn (Jump forward) and In (jump backward) check
'beforehand if n=0, and if so, make n=1.

MACRO tgForward (F1)
      IF turtle.Scale <= 0 THEN turtle.Scale = 1 'assume it's an error
      turtle.NX = turtle.PX + (COS((turtle.HB+turtle.H) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      turtle.NY = turtle.PY + (SIN((turtle.HB+turtle.H) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      tgPlotter
END MACRO

MACRO tgBackward (F1)
      IF turtle.Scale <= 0 THEN turtle.Scale = 1 'assume it's an error
      turtle.NX = turtle.PX - (COS((turtle.HB+turtle.H) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      turtle.NY = turtle.PY - (SIN((turtle.HB+turtle.H) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      tgPlotter
END MACRO

MACRO tgRight (R1)
    turtle.H = turtle.H + R1
    IF turtle.H > 360 THEN
        turtle.H = turtle.H -360
    ELSEIF turtle.H < -360 THEN
        turtle.H = turtle.H +360
    END IF
END MACRO

MACRO tgLeft (L1)
   turtle.H = turtle.H - L1
   IF turtle.H > 360 THEN
       turtle.H = turtle.H -360
   ELSEIF turtle.H < -360 THEN
       turtle.H = turtle.H +360
   END IF
END MACRO

' -- Turtle Pen status
'If you use tgDraw code to execute turtle commands,
'pendown is the default, and the code for penup
'or "don't draw" is the prefix "B" on any given command
'E.g. BR4 means move right 4 units, with penup.

MACRO tgPenDown
  turtle.PS = -1
END MACRO

MACRO tgPenUp
   turtle.PS = 0
END MACRO

'-- Turtle add-ons
MACRO tgStrafeLeft (F1)
      IF turtle.Scale <= 0 THEN turtle.Scale = 1 'assume it's an error
      turtle.NX = turtle.PX + (COS((turtle.HB+turtle.H+90) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      turtle.NY = turtle.PY + (SIN((turtle.HB+turtle.H+90) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      tgPlotter
END MACRO

MACRO tgStrafeRight (F1)
      IF turtle.Scale <= 0 THEN turtle.Scale = 1 'assume it's an error
      turtle.NX = turtle.PX + (COS((turtle.HB+turtle.H-90) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      turtle.NY = turtle.PY + (SIN((turtle.HB+turtle.H-90) * Degrees2Rads) * F1 * turtle.Scale)
      tgPlotter
END MACRO

'FUNCTION tgColorVal --- DOS-style colors, except that you can customize them
'Any RGB color, for foreground and background, can be set with the tgDraw version of Cn
'See the code for Cn in SUB tgDraw
'FOOTNOTE for historians: DOS colors were not actually limited to only 16 values; there was
'also the PALLETTE statement, by means of which color values could be varied. It might therefore
'be nice to enhance tgColorVal to emulate PALLETTE. But as textbooks too often say, we leave that
'as an exercise for the student.
FUNCTION tgColorVal(Cval AS LONG) AS LONG
       STATIC again AS LONG
       LOCAL cv AS LONG

       IF NOT again THEN
           again=-1
           DIM ColorValue(15) AS STATIC LONG
           ColorValue(%TG_BLACK)        =RGB(0,0,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_BLUE)         =RGB(0,0,128)
           ColorValue(%TG_GREEN)        =RGB(0,128,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_CYAN)         =RGB(0,128,128)
           ColorValue(%TG_RED)          =RGB(128,0,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_MAGENTA)      =RGB(128,0,128)
           ColorValue(%TG_BROWN)        =RGB(128,64,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_WHITE)        =RGB(192,192,192)
           ColorValue(%TG_GRAY)         =RGB(128,128,128)
           ColorValue(%TG_LIGHTBLUE)    =RGB(0,0,255)
           ColorValue(%TG_LIGHTGREEN)   =RGB(0,255,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_LIGHTCYAN)    =RGB(0,255,255)
           ColorValue(%TG_LIGHTRED)     =RGB(255,0,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_LIGHTMAGENTA) =RGB(255,0,255)
           ColorValue(%TG_YELLOW)       =RGB(255,255,0)
           ColorValue(%TG_LIGHTWHITE)   =RGB(255,255,255)
       END IF

       cv=Cval
       IF cv < %TG_BLACK OR cv > %TG_LIGHTWHITE THEN cv = %TG_LIGHTWHITE
       FUNCTION = ColorValue(cv)

END FUNCTION

MACRO tgPlotter
       IF turtle.PS THEN   'if pen is down to draw
           GRAPHIC COLOR turtle.Color, turtle.Background
           GRAPHIC WIDTH turtle.WIDTH
           GRAPHIC STYLE turtle.linestyle
           GRAPHIC LINE (turtle.PX,turtle.PY)-(turtle.NX, turtle.NY) 'this also sets POS to NX,NY
           IF turtle.RTS THEN
               GRAPHIC SET POS (turtle.PX,turtle.PY)  'tgDraw "N" prefix was used, so return to start pos
               turtle.NX = turtle.PX
               turtle.NY = turtle.PY
           ELSE
               turtle.PX = turtle.NX
               turtle.PY = turtle.NY
           END IF
           IF turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_FALSE OR turtle.pause THEN GRAPHIC REDRAW
           SLEEP turtle.pause
       ELSE
           IF turtle.RTS THEN
               GRAPHIC SET POS (turtle.PX,turtle.PY) 'tDRAW "N" prefix is used; return to start
               turtle.NX = turtle.PX
               turtle.NY = turtle.PY
           ELSE
               GRAPHIC SET POS (turtle.NX,turtle.NY)
               turtle.PX = turtle.NX
               turtle.PY = turtle.NY
           END IF
       END IF
END MACRO

SUB tgPrint (Pr AS STRING)
    LOCAL A AS STRING
    LOCAL hDC, hFont AS DWORD

    IF Pr="?" OR Pr="" THEN
        EXIT SUB
    ELSEIF LEN(Pr) > 1 AND LEFT$(Pr,1)="?" THEN
        A$= MID$(Pr,2)
    ELSE
        A$= Pr
    END IF
    IF turtle.HB = 0 AND turtle.FontPoints <= 40 THEN
        GRAPHIC FONT turtle.FontName, turtle.FontPoints, Turtle.FontStyle
        GRAPHIC SET POS (INT(turtle.PX), INT(turtle.PY)) 'should not be necessary, but it seems to be
        GRAPHIC PRINT A$
    ELSE
        '--------- from textrotate.bas, a PowerBASIC Sample program --------
        ' Print some rotated text, Create a rotated font, select it into the
        ' Graphic control's DC, print text and delete the rotated font object
        ' to avoid memory leaks. Remember that for example text width becomes
        ' text height with a 90 degree font..
        '------------------------------------------------------------------
        GRAPHIC GET DC TO hDC
        hFont = MakeRotatedFont(hDC, TRIM$(turtle.FontName), INT(turtle.FontPoints), turtle.HB * 10, %FW_BOLD, 1, 0, 0)
        hFont = SelectObject(hDC, hFont)
        GRAPHIC SET POS (INT(turtle.PX), INT(turtle.PY)) 'this should not be necessary, but it seems to be
        GRAPHIC PRINT A$
        DeleteObject SelectObject(hDC, hFont)
   END IF
END SUB

' Most "DRAW" code that was written for DOS BASIC will run fine with SUB tgDraw.
' FUNCTION tgTextDrawCode (which replaces Emil Menzel's SUB DrawText, circa 1989)
' is a case in point. The draw code it uses is exactly the same as it was originally.
' The only DRAW code that will need modification is that which uses Sn (to Scale).
' DOS DRAW sets the scaling factor to 4/n, and normal size to 4, and it uses
' integer math. tgDRAW uses single precision numbers, and scale size = n, and
' the default size is 1.0....
'
'TIP: If speed is of the essence, consider storing the words or phrases that you
'translate into code with FUNCTION tgTextDrawCode, in "higher order" string arrays.

'TIP 2: The array T$() below obviously does not have to be used only for letters and
'numbers. There is nothing to prevent you from also including code for shapes, pictures,
'or whatever else you can represent in the tgDraw language. And not just turtle moves,
'but also coding for color, size, penwidth, and even time delays can be part of the string.

FUNCTION tgTextDrawCode (txt AS STRING) STATIC AS STRING
  DIM Nt AS LONG, txt2 AS STRING
  DIM XX AS STRING, TextToDraw AS STRING
  DIM I AS LONG, C AS LONG
  DIM again AS STATIC LONG
  DIM tt AS STATIC STRING

  IF again = 0 THEN
    tt$ = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890 .,:;/-"
    REDIM T(44) AS STATIC STRING
    Nt = UBOUND(T$)
    GOSUB tFONT
    again = -1
  END IF

  txt2$ = UCASE$(txt$)
  IF txt2$ = "" THEN EXIT FUNCTION

  TextToDraw$ = ""
  FOR I = 1 TO LEN(txt$)
    XX$ = MID$(txt2$, I, 1)
    C = INSTR(tt$, XX$)
    IF C > 0 AND C <= Nt THEN
       TextToDraw$ = TextToDraw$ + T$(C)
    END IF
  NEXT I

  FUNCTION=TextToDraw$
  EXIT FUNCTION


    tFONT:
    'the letters A-Z (DRAW code found in a QB or PBDOS achive)
    T$(1) = "BR1 U4 E2 F2 D2 L4 R4 D2 BR2"
    T$(2) = "BR1 U6 R3 F1 D1 G1 L2 BR2 F1 D1 G1 L3 BR6"
    T$(3) = "BR5 BU5 H1 L2 G1 D4 F1 R2 E1 BF1 BR1"
    T$(4) = "BR1 U6 R3 F1 D4 G1 L3 BR6"
    T$(5) = "BR1 U6 R4 BD3 BL2 L2 D3 R4 BR2"
    T$(6) = "BR1 U6 R4 BD3 BL2 L2 BD3 BR6"
    T$(7) = "BR5 BU5 H1 L2 G1 D4 F1 R2 E1 U1 L1 BD2 BR3"
    T$(8) = "BR1 U6 BD3 R4 BU3 D6 BR2"
    T$(9) = "BR1 R1 U6 L1 R2 L1 D6 R1 BR2"
    T$(10) = "BR5 BU6 D5 G1 L2 H1 BD1 BR6"
    T$(11) = "BR1 U6 BR4 G3 F3 BR2"
    T$(12) = "BR1 U6 BD6 R4 BR2"
    T$(13) = "BR1 U6 F3 E3 D6B R2"
    T$(14) = "BR1 U6 F6 U6 BD6 BR2"
    T$(15) = "BR5 BU5 H1 L2 G1 D4 F1 R2 E1 U4 BD5 BR2"
    T$(16) = "BR1 U6 R4 F1 D1 G1 L2 BD3 BR5"
    T$(17) = "BR5 BU5 H1 L2 G1 D4 F1 R2 E1 U4 BD4 H1 F2 BR2"
    T$(18) = "BR1 U6 R3 F1 D1 G1 L2 F3 BR2"
    T$(19) = "BR5 BU5 H1 L2 G1 D1 F1 R2 F1 D1 G1 L2 H1 BD1 BR6"
    T$(20) = "BR1 BU6 R4 L2 D6 BR4"
    T$(21) = "BR1 BU6 D5 F1 R2 E1 U5 BD6 BR2"
    T$(22) = "BR1 BU6 D4 F2 E2 U4 BD6 BR2"
    T$(23) = "BR1 BU6 D6 E2 F2 U6 BD6 BR2"
    T$(24) = "BR1 E6 BL6 F6 BR2"
    T$(25) = "BR1 BU6 F2 E2 BG2 D4 BR4"
    T$(26) = "BR1 BU6 R6 G6 R6 BR2"
    'NUMBERS
    T$(27) = "BR1 BU5 E1 D6 L1 R2 BR2"
    T$(28) = "BR1 BU5 E1 R2 F1 D1 G4 R4 BR2"
    T$(29) = "BR1 BU6 R4 G2 F2 D1 G1 L2 H1 BD1 BR6"
    T$(30) = "BR4 U6 G3 R4 BD3 BR2"
    T$(31) = "BR1 BU1 F1 R2 E1 U1 H1 L3 U3 R4 BD6 BR2"
    T$(32) = "BR3 BU6 L1 G1 D4 F1 R2 E1 U1 H1 L2 G1 BD2 BR6"
    T$(33) = "BR1 BU6 R4 G3 D3 BR4"
    T$(34) = "BR1 BU1 U1 E1 R2 E1 U1 H1 L2 G1 D1 F1 R2 F1 D1 G1 L2 H1 BD1 BR6"
    T$(35) = "BR5 BU4 G1 L2 H1 U1 E1 R2 F1 D4 G1 L1 BR4"
    T$(36) = "BR5 BU5 H1 L2 G1 D4 F1 R2 E1 U4 BD5 BR2"

    'SPACE
    T$(37) = "BR7"
    '
    T$(38) = "BR2 L1 U1 R1 D1 BR2"         'PERIOD
    T$(39) = "BR2 L1 U1 R1 D2 G1 BE1 BU1 BR2"        'COMMA
    T$(40) = "BR2 L1 U1 R1 D1 BU4 L1 U1 R1 D1 BD4 BR2"        'COLON
    T$(41) = "BR2 L1 U1 R1 D2 G1 BE1 BU5 L1 U1 R1 D1 BD4 BR2"    'SEMI-COLON
    T$(42) = "E6 BD6 BR3"                             'SLASH /
    T$(43) = "BR2 BU3 R3 BD3 BR3"        'DASH -

  RETURN

END FUNCTION
'============== for ExpansionTest. by Petr Schreiber =========
%BAD_INPUT = -1
FUNCTION findMatchingBracket( BYREF str AS STRING, npos AS LONG ) AS LONG
  REGISTER i AS LONG
  LOCAL nLevel AS LONG
  DIM Char(1 TO LEN(str)) AS STRING * 1 AT STRPTR(str)

  FOR i = nPos TO LEN(str)

    IF Char(i) = "(" THEN
      INCR nLevel
    ELSEIF Char(i) = ")" THEN
      DECR nLevel
      IF nLevel = 0 THEN
        FUNCTION = i
        EXIT FUNCTION
      END IF
    END IF

  NEXT

END FUNCTION

'tgDrawCheck formats a string to be processed by tgDraw
'and implements the Turtle command "To Repeat"
FUNCTION tgDrawCheck (Drawstring AS STRING) AS STRING
    LOCAL I,J,K,L,M AS LONG
    LOCAL A,B,D,Dr AS STRING

    Dr$=Drawstring$
    L=LEN(Dr$)
     'check for ? (GRAPHIC PRINT) and * (textDraw) and ! (STDOUT) statements.
     'Assume only 1 print command per line , & no other commands following it
     'i.e., any additional commands with be printed out rather than executed
    I = INSTR(Dr$, ANY "*?!")
    IF I > 0 THEN
        B$ = MID$(Dr$,I)
        IF LEFT$(B$,1) = "*" THEN
            B$=B$+CHR$(219)   'pad w/ a non-printing char, just in case
            B$ = tgTextDrawCode(MID$(B$,2))  'convert text to draw code & delete the print cmd *
        END IF
        B$=CHR$(219) + B$   'don't let print cmds be 1st char on a line
        Dr$ = " " + Dr$  'pad, just in case
        J=I+1
        Dr$ = LEFT$(Dr$,J-1)  'anything that preceded the print command
    ELSE
        B$=""
    END IF

    'fontname must be the last statement in Dr$, and can include spaces
    I= INSTR(UCASE$(Dr$),"FONTNAME")
    IF I THEN
        Dr$=(MID$(Dr$,I+9))+" "
        turtle.FontName = TRIM$(Dr$)
        GRAPHIC FONT TRIM$(Dr$)     '***SHOULD USE INSTEAD Graphic set font
        FUNCTION = ""
        EXIT FUNCTION
    END IF
    REPLACE " " WITH "" IN Dr$          'purge all spaces
    Dr$=CHR$(32)+(TRIM$(UCASE$(Dr$))) + CHR$(32) 'capitalize, & pad ends
    IF INSTR (Dr$, "FONT") THEN REPLACE "FONT" WITH "~" IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$, "REFRESH") THEN REPLACE "REFRESH" WITH "&" IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$, "RPT") THEN REPLACE "RPT" WITH "X" IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$, "RESET") THEN REPLACE "RESET" WITH "#" IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$, "DISTGAP") THEN REPLACE "DISTGAP" WITH ">" IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$, "SAVESCREEN") THEN REPLACE "SAVESCREEN" WITH "$" IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$,"RANDSET") THEN REPLACE "RANDSET" WITH "@" IN Dr$
    A$=TRIM$(STR$(RndNum))
    IF INSTR(Dr$,"RANDOM")THEN REPLACE "RANDOM" WITH A$ IN Dr$
    IF INSTR(Dr$,"ARROW") THEN REPLACE "ARROW" WITH "^" IN Dr$  'show turtle's current direction
    'expand procedure by Petr Schreiber
    LOCAL sPos, posX, posOpen, posClose, nTimes, restPos AS LONG
    LOCAL rpt, addStr AS STRING

    ' -- Iterate until all eXpansions done
    sPos = 1
    DO
      ' -- Find X
      posX = INSTR(sPos, Dr$, "X")
      IF posX = 0 THEN EXIT LOOP

      ' -- Get the apropriate bracket
      posOpen = INSTR(posX, Dr$, "(")
      'trap a potentially bad bug -- (user could enter X accidentally, e.g. in tgDrawer interpreter)
      IF posOpen = 0 THEN EXIT LOOP


      ' -- Extract number of time   X<number>(
      nTimes  = VAL(MID$(Dr$, posX+1, posOpen-posX-1))

      ' -- Find matching bracket, NOT the nearest one
      posClose= findMatchingBracket(Dr$, posOpen)

      ' -- Extract part to repeat
      rpt = MID$(Dr$, posOpen+1, posClose-posOpen-1)

      ' -- Just do it :)
      rpt = REPEAT$(nTimes, rpt)

      ' -- Cut the X<number>( ... ) part and replace it with repetition safely
      Dr$ = STRDELETE$(Dr$, posX, posClose-posX+1)
      Dr$ = STRINSERT$(Dr$, rpt, posX)

    LOOP

    ' -- Add the possibly trimmed text
    Dr$ = Dr$ + B$

    FUNCTION=Dr$
END FUNCTION

'tgAddPos, by Petr Schreiber.
'This SUB is for the DOS DRAW commands RDLREFGH and M+x,-y
'For true Turtle geometry, use Left(angle), Forward(Distance) instead
'NOTE:  RDLREFGH are all valid commands, by themselves, even if not followed
'by a numeral: If n=0 or null then n=1. SUB tgDraw assures this before calling tgAddPos.
SUB tgAddPos( BYVAL x AS SINGLE, BYVAL y AS SINGLE )
  x = x * turtle.scale
  y = y * turtle.scale
  IF turtle.HB THEN
      'rotation is needed
      turtle.NX = turtle.PX + COS(turtle.HB*Degrees2Rads)*x + COS((turtle.HB+90)*Degrees2Rads)*y
      turtle.NY = turtle.PY + SIN(turtle.HB*Degrees2Rads)*x + SIN((turtle.HB+90)*Degrees2Rads)*y
  ELSE
      'The formulas above would still be OK, but this is obviously faster
      turtle.NX = turtle.PX + x
      turtle.NY = turtle.PY + y
  END IF
  tgPlotter
END SUB

'tgDraw: An emulation & hopefully an upgrade
'of DOS BASIC's "DRAW" graphics mini-language
'by Emil Menzel, 2008
'but Petr Schreiber's SUB tgAddPos does the hardest job -- rotations
'SUB tgHelpOnDraw gives a complete listing of tgDraw's commands
'The first 13 commands are from DOS-DRAW and the rest are new
'The manuals for (e.g.) GWBASIC, QuickBASIC or PBDOS should be consulted for more details.

SUB tgDraw (Drw AS STRING) STATIC
    LOCAL L,K,comma,FillColor, Pcolor AS LONG
    LOCAL I, J, P AS LONG
    LOCAL A,B,C, D, Dr, E AS STRING
    LOCAL x0, y0, z0 AS SINGLE
    LOCAL cmd, relativeOrAbs, fontSize,fontStyle AS LONG
    IF LEN(Drw) < 1 THEN EXIT SUB
    IF turtle.Scale <=0 THEN turtle.Scale = 1 'change default as you wish
    Dr$=tgDrawCheck(Drw$) 'work with a copy; leave original string as is
                 'clean up DRAW string; expand any RPT (repeats); translate text to drawcode
    L=LEN(Dr$)           'length can change, in tgDrawCheck
    IF L<1 THEN EXIT SUB

    'MACRO ValidNum = "+-.0123456789,"   'defined at outset of file
    'MACRO ValidCmd = "CSPMRFDGLHUEAIJKOQVWXYZ?*!/$#&@~^>"
    'other valid chars are "BN"
    'also allowed: T, as in TA command
    'NOTE: We allow decimal point & non-integer numbers though DOS DRAW doesn't
    'NOTE2: IJKOQVWYZ!?* are not in DOS BASIC DRAW
    'NOTE3: X is a DOS BASIC DRAW command but we do not need it
    'NOTE3: There are no non-reserved letters, at least between a-z and A-Z.
    'locate each actual command, in the Drawstring
    I=2   'Drawstring should be padded with a space on each end
    DO UNTIL I > = L
        A$= MID$(Dr$,I,1)
        cmd=INSTR(ValidCmd,A$)
        IF cmd >0 THEN
            GOSUB DoIt
            I = J - 1
        END IF
        INCR I
    LOOP
    IF turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_FALSE THEN GRAPHIC REDRAW
    EXIT SUB

    '================ gosub =============================
#ALIGN 16
DoIt:
        'process a single DRAW command
        'A$=MID$(Dr$,I,1)  'command; cmd is command number
        B$=MID$(Dr$,I-1,1) 'prefix -- B,N,T or junk
        D$=""              'for suffix
        FOR J=I+1 TO L
            C$=MID$(Dr$,J,1) 'suffix -- could be 1 or more numbers
            IF INSTR (ValidNum,C$) <1 THEN EXIT FOR
            D$=D$+C$
        NEXT
        IF LEN(D$) THEN
           x0=VAL(D$)
           relativeOrAbs = INSTR ("+-", LEFT$(D$,1))  'treat as an INCR or relative change

           IF relativeOrAbs AND INSTR("CQP", A$) THEN
              'split a color value into R,G,B components
              DIM MyColor(1 TO 3) AS BYTE AT VARPTR(Turtle.Color)
              DIM MyBackground(1 TO 3) AS BYTE AT VARPTR(Turtle.Background)
           END IF

           IF x0 = RndNum THEN
               IF turtle.LoRandom <> turtle.HiRandom THEN
                 IF turtle.LoRandom = 0 AND turtle.HiRandom = 1 THEN
                   x0 = RND
                 ELSE
                   'integer val
                   x0 = RND(turtle.LoRandom, turtle.HiRandom)
                 END IF
               ELSE
                 'see below, defaults for each variable
               END IF
           END IF
        ELSE
           x0 = 0
           relativeOrAbs = 0
        END IF
        IF B$="B" THEN turtle.PS = 0 ELSE turtle.PS = -1     'B=penup. Pendown is DRAW's default
        IF B$="N" THEN turtle.RTS = -1 ELSE turtle.RTS = 0   'N=return to start after plot
        turtle.NX=turtle.PX
        turtle.NY=turtle.PY

        IF cmd < 5 THEN
          'DOS DRAW stuff
           SELECT CASE cmd
               CASE 1 '"C"  Color. In DOS DRAW it was Cn where n is 0-16
                   y0 = TALLY(D$, ",")
                   IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN
                         turtle.Color = RGB(RND(0,255), RND(0,255), RND(0,255))
                   ELSEIF y0 = 2 THEN
                       IF relativeOrAbs =%TG_FALSE THEN
                         turtle.Color = RGB( VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 3)) )
                       ELSE
                         turtle.Color = RGB( CLNG (MyColor(1))+VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1)), CLNG (MyColor(2))+VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)), CLNG (MyColor(3))+VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 3)) )
                       END IF
                   ELSE
                        'Assume DOS colors 0-16
                        IF RelativeOrAbs = %TG_FALSE THEN
                            IF x0 >=%TG_BLACK AND x0 <= %TG_LIGHTWHITE THEN turtle.Color = tgColorVal(INT(x0))
                        ELSE
                            'what is current color?
                            FOR K=%TG_BLACK TO %TG_LIGHTWHITE
                                IF turtle.Color = tgColorVal(K) THEN
                                    y0 = (ABS(K + x0)) MOD 16    'incr color
                                    turtle.color = (tgColorVal(INT(y0)))
                                    EXIT FOR
                                END IF
                            NEXT
                        END IF
                   END IF
                   tgSetColorRGB (turtle.Color, turtle.Background)
               CASE 2 '"S"  Scale or number of pixels per jump
                   IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = SGN(x0)* RND (1,10)
                   IF RelativeOrAbs = %TG_FALSE THEN
                       turtle.Scale = x0
                   ELSE
                       turtle.Scale = turtle.Scale + x0
                   END IF
                   IF turtle.Scale <=0 THEN turtle.Scale =1

                       'Note! If you want to be completely consistent with PBDOS,
                   'S should be x0/4 ; 4 should be "normal"; and max x0 should
                   'be 255. We do not follow that convention.
               CASE 3 '"P" Paint
                   y0 = TALLY(D$, ",")
                   FillColor = -1
                   RelativeOrAbs =0: x0 = ABS(x0)   'don't allow additive Paint colors
                   IF y0 = 5 THEN
                         Pcolor = RGB( VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 4)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 5)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 6)) )
                         FillColor = RGB( VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 3)) )
                   ELSEIF y0 > 0 THEN
                         IF x0 = RndNum THEN
                             FillColor = RGB(RND(0,255), RND(0,255), RND(2,255))
                         ELSEIF x0 >=%TG_BLACK AND x0<= %TG_LIGHTWHITE THEN   'if < 0 or >15
                             FillColor=tgColorVal (INT(x0))
                         ELSE
                             FillColor = turtle.Color    '***NOTE THIS
                         END IF
                         C$=PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)
                         y0=ABS(VAL(C$))       'don't allow additive paint colors
                         IF y0=RndNum THEN
                             PColor = RGB(RND(0,255), RND(0,255), RND(0,255))
                         ELSEIF y0>=%TG_BLACK AND y0<=%TG_LIGHTWHITE THEN
                             PColor=tgColorVal( ABS(VAL(C$)))
                         ELSE
                             PColor=turtle.Color       '***NOTE this default
                         END IF
                   ELSE
                       IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN
                           FillColor = RGB(RND(0,255), RND(0,255), RND(2,255))
                        ELSE
                           FillColor=tgColorVal (INT(x0))
                           IF x0 <%TG_BLACK OR x0> %TG_LIGHTWHITE THEN FillColor = turtle.Color
                        END IF
                        Pcolor=turtle.Color
                   END IF
                   'paint color, border ... this follows PBDOS DRAW syntax;
                   'PBCC/PBWIN has more options, including fillstyle & STEP
                   IF FillColor < 0 THEN FillColor=turtle.Color
                   GRAPHIC PAINT BORDER (turtle.PX,turtle.PY), FillColor, Pcolor
               CASE 4 '"M"  Move -- the DOS DRAW Mx,y (and M+x,-y) command
                   y0 = 0
                   comma = INSTR(D$,",")
                   IF comma = 0 THEN
                        'Assume error. Probably M had no X,Y suffix, & was a typo
                   ELSE
                       y0 = VAL(MID$(D$,comma+1))
                       IF RelativeOrAbs > 0 THEN      'if it's a relative move
                           IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = RND(-10,10)
                           IF ABS(y0) = RndNum THEN y0 = RND(-10,10)
                           tgAddPos(x0, y0)       'scale & rotate, if needed, & call tgPlotter
                       ELSE
                           'it's an absolute move, so don't rescale
                           IF x0 = RndNum THEN x0 = RND(0,INT(turtle.canvaswidth))
                           IF y0 = RndNum THEN y0 = RND(0,INT(turtle.canvasHeight))
                           turtle.NX = x0
                           turtle.NY = y0
                           tgPlotter()
                       END IF
                   END IF
            CASE ELSE
         END SELECT
               'To execute the move, tgPlotter is called from tgAddPos
        ELSEIF cmd < 13 THEN

                 '#5-#12 are the 8 DOS BASIC moves
                 'They will be listed clockwise, starting at zero degrees
                 'Note: This assumes that the screen is not rescaled. 'Top' means Y=0.

                 IF x0 = 0 THEN x0 = 1
                 SELECT CASE cmd
                     CASE 5 '"R"  right, zero degrees, assuming no rotation
                         tgAddPos(x0, 0)       ' -- means "add X0 on X axis and 0 on Y"

                     CASE 6 '"F"    diagonally right & down (assuming top of window y=0)
                         tgAddPos(x0, x0)
'
                     CASE 7 '"D"    down, 90 degrees
                         tgAddPos(0, x0)

                     CASE 8 '"G"   left & down
                         tgAddPos(-x0, x0)

                     CASE 9 '"L"   left or West or 180 degrees
                          tgAddPos(-x0, 0)

                     CASE 10 '"H"  left and up
                         tgAddPos(-x0,-x0)

                     CASE 11 '"U" up or North or 270 degrees
                         tgAddPos(0, -x0)
                     CASE 12 '"E" diagonally up and left
                         tgAddPos(x0,-x0)

                     CASE ELSE
                 END SELECT
        ELSEIF cmd = 13 THEN
                 '"A"  and TA -- DOS-DRAW degree of rotation
                 IF B$="T" THEN
                     'command "TA"... in PBDOS degrees can be -360 to 360
                     IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = RND(0,359)
                     IF RelativeOrAbs = %TG_FALSE THEN
                         turtle.HB = x0
                     ELSE
                         turtle.HB = turtle.HB + x0
                     END IF
                 ELSE
                     IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = RND(0,3)

                     IF x0 < 4 AND x0 >= 0 THEN
                         'in PBDOS A must be 0,1,2 or 3 (90 degree rotation)
                         IF RelativeOrAbs = %TG_FALSE THEN
                             turtle.HB = x0*90  'set angle
                         ELSE
                             turtle.HB = turtle.HB + x0*90
                         END IF
                     END IF
                 END IF
                 IF turtle.HB > 360 THEN
                    turtle.HB = turtle.HB -360
                 ELSEIF turtle.HB < -360 THEN
                    turtle.HB = turtle.HB +360
                 END IF
        ELSE
            'These commands are not in DOS BASIC DRAW
            'except that there was a very important X (for "execute") command in DRAW
            'and tgDraw's Xn command amounts to the same thing, in function, if you have n = 1.
            SELECT CASE cmd -13
               CASE 1 '"I"
                   IF x0 = 0 THEN x0 = 1
                   tgBackward(x0)
               CASE 2 '"J"
                   IF x0 = 0 THEN x0 = 1
                   tgForward(x0)         'move forward x0 (*scale factor) "steps"
               CASE 3 '"K"  optionally, redefine Homing point; otherwise just go there
                   IF TALLY (D$, ",") THEN
                         x0 = VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1))
                         y0 = VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2))
                         IF RelativeOrAbs THEN
                             turtle.HomeX = turtle.HomeX + x0
                             turtle.HomeY = turtle.HomeY + y0
                         ELSE
                             turtle.HomeX = x0
                             turtle.HomeY = y0
                         END IF
                   END IF
                   tgHome
               CASE 4 'O
                   IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = SGN(x0) * RND(0,359)
                   tgRight(x0)           'turn clockwise x0 degrees
               CASE 5 '"Q[n...]"         'clear screen; optionally, set background & foregound color
                   'Note: Q by itself (with no n) will work, & sets background to default zero (black)
                   y0 = TALLY(D$, ",")
                   IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN
                        turtle.Background = RGB(RND(0,255), RND(0,255), RND(0,255))
                   ELSEIF y0 = 2 THEN
                         IF RelativeOrAbs =%TG_FALSE THEN
                              turtle.Background = RGB( VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)), VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 3)) )
                         ELSE
                              turtle.Background = RGB(CLNG(MyBackGround(1))+VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1)), CLNG(MyBackGround(2))+VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)), CLNG (MyBackGround(3))+VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 3)))
                         END IF
                   ELSE
                         IF RelativeOrAbs = %TG_FALSE THEN
                             turtle.Background = tgColorVal(INT(x0))
                         ELSE
                            'what is current backround color?
                            FOR K=%TG_BLACK TO %TG_LIGHTWHITE
                                IF turtle.BackGround = tgColorVal(K) THEN
                                    y0 = (ABS(K + x0)) MOD 16    'incr color
                                    turtle.BackGround = (tgColorVal(INT(y0)))
                                    EXIT FOR
                                END IF
                            NEXT
                         END IF
                   END IF
                   tgSetColorRGB (turtle.Color, turtle.Background)
                   tgClearScreen()
               CASE 6 '"V"
                   IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = SGN(x0) * RND(0,359)
                   tgLeft(x0)   'turn counter-clockwise x0 degrees
               CASE 7 '"W"
                   IF ABS(x0) = RndNum THEN x0 = RND(1,10)
                   IF RelativeOrAbs = %TG_FALSE THEN
                       turtle.width = x0
                   ELSE
                       turtle.width = turtle.width + INT(x0)
                   END IF
                   IF turtle.width < 1 THEN
                       turtle.width = 1
                   ELSEIF turtle.width > 10 THEN
                       turtle.width = 10 'PB's max
                   END IF
               CASE 8 'Xn  extends DOS eXecute command
                   'reserved as an alias for RPT (repeat)
               CASE 9 '"Y"
                   'reserved
               CASE 10 '"Z"
                   IF B$="N" THEN
                       SLEEP INT(x0)   'pause now, once only , X millisec
                   ELSE
                       turtle.pause = INT(x0) 'SLEEP millisec after each move
                       'NOTE: This way Zn just SETS sleep time; actual pause
                       'occurs only after the next move(s) -- in SUB tgPlotter
                   END IF
               CASE 11 '? Graphic Print... Must be the last command in Dr$
                    D$=MID$(Dr$,I+1)
                    tgPrint(D$)
                    tgUpdateScreen
                    EXIT SUB
               CASE 12 '* TextDraw ... Must be the last command in Dr$
                    'FUNCTION tgDrawCheck deletes the * and calls tgTextDrawCode
                   ' so CASE #12 should not occur
               CASE 13 '! STDOUT Must be last command in Dr$
                   D$=MID$(Dr$,I+1)
                   STDOUT D$
                   SLEEP 10
                   EXIT SUB
               CASE 14 '/
                   IF x0 >=0 AND x0 < 5 THEN
                       turtle.linestyle = INT(x0)
                   ELSE
                       turtle.linestyle = 0   'solid line
                   END IF
               CASE 15 '$ SAVESCREEN to a .bmp file
                   CALL tgSaveScreen
                   SLEEP 500
               CASE 16 '# RESET
                   tgSetDefaults
               CASE 17 '& REFRESH
                   tgUpdateScreen
               CASE 18 ' @ RANDSET
                   IF INSTR (D$, ",") THEN
                     turtle.LoRandom = VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 1))
                     turtle.HiRandom = VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2))
                     IF turtle.HiRandom < turtle.LoRandom THEN
                         y0 = turtle.LoRandom: z0=turtle.HiRandom
                         turtle.LoRandom = z0: turtle.HiRandom = y0
                     END IF
                   ELSE
                     'use defaults for each variable
                     turtle.LoRandom = 0
                     turtle.HiRandom = 0
                   END IF
               CASE 19 ' ~ size & style (for ? statement)
                   IF INSTR(D$, ",") THEN y0 = VAL(PARSE$(D$, ",", 2)) ELSE y0 = turtle.FontStyle
                   GRAPHIC FONT TRIM$(turtle.FontName), INT(x0), INT(y0)
                   turtle.FontPoints = INT(x0)
                   turtle.FontStyle = y0
               CASE 20 '^ show turtle's current direction
                       'an alternative command is ARROW, which is translated into ^
                   tgDraw Arrow
               CASE 21 '> dist between 2 points at which program will switch from using
                       ' DRAW Mx,y to to using DRAW Bm,y -- when user is "drawing" w/ mouse
                   turtle.DistGap = x0
           END SELECT
      END IF
   RETURN
END SUB

'read a .bmp pic file or a file that contains tgDraw strings, & send
'each non-REM'd line to tgDraw for processing
SUB tgReadFile(FileNam$)
    LOCAL A AS STRING
    LOCAL FF, AA, L, R, chain AS LONG
    LOCAL X,Y AS SINGLE
    LOCAL File AS STRING
    LOCAL hBmp AS DWORD
    File$= Filenam$

    File$ = UCASE$(TRIM$(File$))
    IF INSTR(File$,"READFILE") = 1 THEN
        File$ = MID$(File$, 9)
    END IF
    IF INSTR(File$,CHR$(34)) > 0 THEN
       REPLACE CHR$(34) WITH "" IN File$
    END IF
    File$=TRIM$(File$)
DO
    chain = 0
    IF DIR$(File$) = "" THEN
        STDOUT File$ + " not found"
        EXIT SUB
    END IF

    IF RIGHT$(File$,4) = ".BMP" THEN   'if it's a picture, load it & show it

        GRAPHIC RENDER File$, (0,0)-(turtle.canvaswidth -1, turtle.canvasheight -1)

        #IF 0
        'this is an alternative way of loading; it is safe to delete it
        GRAPHIC BITMAP LOAD File$, INT(turtle.canvaswidth), INT(turtle.canvasheight) TO hBmp
        GRAPHIC COPY hBmp, 0& TO (0, 0)
        'delete bitmap & reattach to current graphic window
        GRAPHIC ATTACH hBmp, 0&
        GRAPHIC BITMAP END
        IF turtle.doubleBuffer = %TG_TRUE THEN
            GRAPHIC ATTACH turtle.AttachGraphicHandle, 0&, REDRAW
        ELSE
            GRAPHIC ATTACH turtle.AttachGraphicHandle, 0&
        END IF
        #ENDIF

        SLEEP 500
        tgUpdateScreen
        EXIT SUB
    END IF

    FF = FREEFILE
    OPEN File$ FOR INPUT AS #FF
   'better hope it's a tgDraw script
    LINE INPUT #FF, A$
    A$=UCASE$(A$)
    L = INSTR(A$, "TGD")
    IF L < 1 or L > 2 THEN
        STDOUT "   "+ File$ + " is not a valid tgDraw script file"
'       first line should start with 'TGD or TGD
        CLOSE #FF
        EXIT SUB
    END IF

    DO WHILE NOT EOF (FF)
        LINE INPUT #FF, A$
        A$=TRIM$(A$)
        L=LEN(A$)
        IF L > 1 THEN
            'take '?' to signify PRINT text rather than process DRAW code
            ' * signifies TextDraw, as opposed to command code
            ' ! signifies STDOUT the rest of the line
            IF INSTR(A$,ANY "?*!") <1 THEN
                A$=UCASE$(A$)
            END IF
        END IF
        IF L > 0 THEN
            IF INSTR(A$,"'") <> 1 THEN     'exclude REM'd-out lines
                'chain from this file to another one?
                AA=INSTR(TRIM$(UCASE$(A$)),"READFILE")
                IF AA > 0 AND AA < 4 THEN
                    A$=MID$(A$,AA+9)
                    AA =INSTR(A$, ANY CHR$(32)+CHR$(34))
                    IF AA AND LEN (A$)>AA THEN
                        REPLACE CHR$(32) WITH "" IN A$
                        REPLACE CHR$(34) WITH "" IN A$
                    END IF
                    IF RIGHT$(A$,4) = ".BMP" THEN   'if it's a picture, show it
                        GRAPHIC RENDER A$, (0,0)-(turtle.canvaswidth,turtle.canvasheight)
                        tgUpdateScreen
                        SLEEP 1000
                        ITERATE DO
                    ELSE
                        chain = -1
                        file$ = A$
                        EXIT DO
                    END IF
                END IF
                IF UCASE$(A$) = "QUIT" THEN
                    EXIT DO
                END IF
                AA=INSTR(A$,"DRAW")
                IF AA >0 AND AA < 4 THEN
                    'Could check also for line numbers, but here we don't.
                    'For that matter, a "SCREEN" statement in an old .BAS file would be
                    'interpreted by tgDraw as setting S(scale) & C(color) & jumping R1 & E2.
                    A$ = MID$(A$, AA+5)
                    IF INSTR(A$,CHR$(34)) > 0 THEN
                        REPLACE CHR$(34) WITH "" IN A$
                    END IF
                    R = INSTR(A$,"'")       'exclude REM's that follow command
                    IF R > 1 THEN A$ = LEFT$(A$,R-1)
                END IF
                CALL tgDraw (A$)
            END IF
            'SLEEP 1000  'or in file use turtle.pause -- see tgDraw command Zn
        END IF
        DoneReadin:
    LOOP
    CLOSE #FF
  LOOP UNTIL chain = 0
END SUB

SUB tgSaveScreen()           'graphics screen
    LOCAL A,B,F AS STRING
    LOCAL I, N AS LONG
    f$ = "TGD"          'note that no extension is used in file name
    A$=DIR$(f$+"*.BMP")
    WHILE A$<>""
        I=VAL(MID$(A$,4))
        IF I>N THEN N=I
        A$=DIR$
    WEND
    I=VAL(MID$(A$,4))
    IF I>N THEN N=I

    B$="00"+TRIM$(STR$(N+1))
    B$=RIGHT$(B$,3)
    A$=f$+B$+".BMP"
    GRAPHIC SAVE A$
    STDOUT "Saving screen to file " + A$
    SLEEP 50
END SUB

SUB tgHelpOnDraw
  LOCAL A AS STRING, I AS INTEGER

  A$=STRING$(80,"=")

  'This file is for PBCC print to console. For PBWin use msgbox
  #IF %DEF(%PB_CC32)
  STDOUT A$
  MID$(A$,10) = "Turtle Variables & Current Settings"
  STDOUT A$
  STDOUT "TYPE TurtleType ' a GLOBAL variable"
  STDOUT "    ID AS LONG     'unique identifier (for multiple turtles)      "+FORMAT$(turtle.ID)     
  STDOUT "    HB AS EXT       'heading BASE angle of turtle, in degrees  "+FORMAT$(turtle.HB)
  STDOUT "    H AS EXT        'heading angle of turtle, in degrees       "+FORMAT$(turtle.H)
  STDOUT "    PS AS LONG      'PenStatus down (to draw) or up            "+FORMAT$(turtle.PS)
  STDOUT "   RTS AS LONG      '0 or -1. -1=Return to start after a jump. See 'NJ' command "+FORMAT$(turtle.RTS)
  STDOUT "    PX AS SINGLE    'present location, X axis                  "+FORMAT$(turtle.PX)
  STDOUT "    PY AS SINGLE    'present location, Y axis                  "+FORMAT$(turtle.PY)
  STDOUT "    NX AS SINGLE    'new location, X axis                      "+FORMAT$(turtle.NX)
  STDOUT "    NY AS SINGLE    'new location, Y axis                      "+FORMAT$(turtle.NY)
  STDOUT " DistGap AS SINGLE  'When User draws with a mouse              " + FORMAT$(turtle.DistGap)
  STDOUT "                    'how far apart (in pixels) must 2 points be before turtle"
  STDOUT "                    'moves without plotting? cf DRAW BMx,y versus DRAW Mx,y
  STDOUT " Color AS LONG      'foreground color for draw                 "+FORMAT$(turtle.COLOR)
  STDOUT " Background AS LONG 'background color                          "+FORMAT$(turtle.Background)
  STDOUT " Width AS SINGLE    'pen width in pixels, or window units      "+FORMAT$(turtle.WIDTH)
  STDOUT " LineStyle AS LONG  '0=Solid line;1=Dash;2=Dot;3=DashDot;4=DashDotDot "+FORMAT$(turtle.LINESTYLE)
  STDOUT "  'LineStyle > 0 requires that Width = 1. See PBCC/PBWin GRAPHIC STYLE"
  STDOUT " Pause AS LONG      'millisec SLEEP after EACH pen move+draw   "+FORMAT$(turtle.PAUSE)
  STDOUT "                    'zero sleep is OK"
  STDOUT " Scale AS SINGLE    'multiply all move-sizes by this value     "+FORMAT$(turtle.SCALE)
  STDOUT " kee AS LONG        'mouse click or keypress                   "+FORMAT$(turtle.kee)
  STDOUT " DoubleBuffer AS BYTE   '0=singleBuffer                        "+FORMAT$(turtle.doubleBuffer)
  STDOUT " AttachGraphicHandle as DWORD   'PB handle for graphic window  "+FORMAT$(turtle.AttachGraphicHandle)

  STDOUT " CanvasWidth  AS LONG  'size of current turtle window          "+FORMAT$(turtle.canvaswidth)
  STDOUT " CanvasHeight AS LONG  'size of current turtle window          "+FORMAT$(turtle.canvasheight)
  STDOUT " HomeX AS SINGLE       'redefinable place to return to...      "+FORMAT$(turtle.HomeX)
  STDOUT " HomeY AS SINGLE       'See tgHome (K) command & tgSetDefaults "+FORMAT$(turtle.HomeY)
  STDOUT " LoRandom AS LONG      'Set range of vals for random numbers..."+FORMAT$(turtle.LoRandom)
  STDOUT " HiRandom AS LONG      '...See RANDSET (alias @)               "+FORMAT$(turtle.HiRandom)
  STDOUT " Font for GRAPHIC PRINT with ? statement                       "+turtle.FontName
  STDOUT " Font size (points) for GRAPHIC PRINT with ? statement         "+FORMAT$ (turtle.FontPoints)
  STDOUT " Font Style 0=normal 1=bold 2=italics 4=underline 8=strikeout  "+FORMAT$(turtle.FontStyle)

STDOUT "END TYPE"
STDOUT ""


  MID$(A$,10) = " HELP on tgDraw Commands =========="
  STDOUT A$
  STDOUT " Syntax:  tgDraw stringexpression$  "
  STDOUT "    stringexpression$  Contains one or more drawing commands;"
  STDOUT "    it may include variables (e.g., STR$(X))as well as literals"
  STDOUT "    except when it is used in a batch-type text file "
  STDOUT "    or in a compiled program such as tgDrawer.EXE."
  STDOUT "    No need for old DOS VARPTR$ or the X ('execute') command"
  STDOUT "    Try (e.g.) this: tgDraw ( A$ + B$ + FORMAT$(LOG(x)))
  STDOUT""
  STDOUT " Optional Prefixes for any of the Drawing and Movement Commands "
  STDOUT "      B          Move without plotting (turtle pen status = up) "
  STDOUT "      N          Plot, then return to starting point"
  STDOUT""
  STDOUT " DOS-style DRAW Line-Drawing and Cursor-Movement Commands, "
  STDOUT " listed clockwise, starting at 0 degrees, in PBDOS convention."
  STDOUT " Directions here assume that A or TA rotation = 0.
  STDOUT "      Rn           Right or East n units"
  STDOUT "      Fn           Diagonally down n units and right n units"
  STDOUT "      Dn           Down or South"
  STDOUT "      Gn           Diagonally down n units and left n units"
  STDOUT "      Ln           Left or West "
  STDOUT "      Hn           Diagonally up n units and left n units"
  STDOUT "      Un           Up or North  "
  STDOUT "      En           Diagonally up n units and right n units"
  STDOUT "      M[+-]x,y     Move to point x,y...Use + - for relative moves."
  STDOUT "                   Size of relative moves also depends on Scale: see Sn"
  STDOUT""
  STDOUT " DOS-style DRAW Color, Scale, and Rotation Commands"
  STDOUT "      C[+-]n[,G,B] Change the turtle's pen color.  If only one number is given,
  STDOUT "            a DOS color (0-15) is used. See below for more on Colors.
  STDOUT "      Pp,b         Fill enclosed shape that has border color 'b' with color 'p'"
  STDOUT "                   RedGreenBlue values can also be used: Pn1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6
  STDOUT "      S[+-]n       Scale: set length of moves "
  STDOUT "      A[+-]n      Set Angle n * 90 degrees. N must be 0, 1, 2, or 3"
  STDOUT "      TA[+-]n   Set Angle to n degrees (-360 to +360)"
  STDOUT "                NOTE: Use + or - only to make TA & A angles additive like Turtle O & V "
  STDOUT""
  STDOUT " New tgDraw Commands"
  STDOUT "      In       Jump backward n units at present angle or turtle heading "
  STDOUT "      Jn       Jump forward  n units at present angle or turtle heading "
  STDOUT "      K[+x,+y] Home -- move to [optional, new] x,y, set heading to 0, pendown"
  STDOUT "               Enter x,y to define a new Home Base. # or 'RESET' will restore default"
  STDOUT "      On       Turn right (clockwise) n degrees"
  STDOUT "      Vn       Turn left (counterclockwise) n degrees"
  STDOUT "      W[+-]n   Set turtle pen Width to n units. Must be 1-10, & 1 for LineStyle > 0 "
  STDOUT "      /n       LineStyle 0=solid (default); 1=dash; 2=Dot; 3=DashDot 4=DashDotDot
  STDOUT "      Xn(A$)   Shorthand for RPT [if n=1, this amounts to DOS-DRAW's X]"
  STDOUT "    RPTn(A$)   Repeat n times any tgDraw string that is within parentheses"
  STDOUT "               Multiple RPTs are OK, and they may be nested
  STDOUT
  STDOUT "      Q[+-][n,G,B] Clear Screen [with optional new background color]; then Home"
  STDOUT "      Zn     SLEEP n millisec after each move. Use N prefix for a 1-time pause"
  STDOUT "      ?      GRAPHIC PRINT (Windows font) everything on a line that follows the '?'"
  STDOUT "               Note: You can print at any angle set with A or TA, and any size.
  STDOUT "      ~n1,n2 or FONTn1,n2  Set size (in points) & style for GRAPHIC PRINT"
  STDOUT "              style 0=normal 1=bold 2=italic 4=underline 8=strikeout & 3=1+2, etc."
  STDOUT "      FONTNAME A$ Set GRAPHIC PRINT font to e.g., Courier, Helvetica"
  STDOUT "      *      TextDraw the rest of the line "
  STDOUT "      !      Output the rest of the line to STDOUT -- i.e., Console or MsgBox"
  STDOUT "      >n     or 'DISTGAP'n . Move but do not draw a line if 2 mouse-drawn x/y
  STDOUT "             locations exceed this distance in pixels. Cf DRAW BMx,y versus Mx,y"
  STDOUT "      $      or 'SAVESCREEN' Save graphics screen to a .BMP file"
  STDOUT "      #      or 'RESET'   Reset all Turtle defaults (but not colors)"
  STDOUT "      &      or 'REFRESH' Update graphics screen"
  STDOUT "      666    or 'RANDOM'  Change n to a random value --"
  STDOUT "             Applies only to M,BM,C,Q,A,TA,S,W. If RANDSET is used, the values"
  STDOUT "             will be in the same range for ALL of the above variables;"
  STDOUT "             otherwise ranges will be adjusted differently for each variable"
  STDOUT "      @n1,n2 or 'RANDSET'[n1,n2] Set Lo/Hi range of values for ALL randoms"
  STDOUT " READFILEa$  From a script file, display a .BMP pic or chain to another script"
  STDOUT "             NOTE: do not include any other commands on the same line"
  STDOUT ""
  STDOUT " And to enter tgDraw commands 'on the fly', from the keyboard,
  STDOUT " or a drawing program that records freehand mouse moves & clicks,
  STDOUT " & translates them into DRAW code, see TGDRAWER.BAS."
  STDOUT
  FOR I = 1 TO 15
      LOCATE , I * 3 + 1
      COLOR I
      IF I < 10 THEN STDOUT "0";
      STDOUT LTRIM$(STR$(I));
  NEXT
  STDOUT " (colors... 0=black)";
  STDOUT
  STDOUT "     Note: Graphics colors can be customized by editing SUB tgColorVal()"
  'STDOUT "     So graphic colors might be different from those shown here on the console screen"
  STDOUT "     Note 2: RedGreenBlue (RGB) values 0-255 as well as DOS (0-16) colors may be used"
  STDOUT "     E.g., C255,255,255 = C15 = LIGHTWHITE. This holds for P & Q commands too.
  A$=STRING$(80,"=")
  MID$(A$,30)=" End of tgDraw Help "
  STDOUT A$

  #ENDIF
END SUB


'===============================================================================
'=                      Basic implementation of L-System                       =
'=                            Petr Schreiber, 2008                             =
'=                                                                             =
'=                                v0.1 PREVIEW                                 =
'===============================================================================

TYPE tReplace
  symbol AS STRING * 1      ' -- Symbol to replace
  changesTo AS STRING * 255 ' -- With what replace ( dynamic string would be better here )
END TYPE

SUB LSystem_Init( VariablesNum AS LONG )

  ' -- Storage for table of what replace with what
  DIM LSystem_Table(VariablesNum) AS GLOBAL tReplace
  GLOBAL LSystem_Solution AS STRING

END SUB

SUB LSystem_FillPair( id AS LONG, SOURCE AS STRING, destination AS STRING )

  LSystem_Table(id).symbol        = SOURCE
  LSystem_Table(id).changesTo     = destination

END SUB

SUB LSystem_Solve( recipe AS STRING, iterations AS LONG )

  ' i = iterator, s = symbol, n = nth character
  LOCAL i, s, n AS LONG
  LOCAL char AS STRING

  LSystem_Solution = recipe

  FOR i = 1 TO iterations
    FOR s = 1 TO UBOUND(LSystem_Table)          ' -- For each symbol/variable

      n = 0
      WHILE n <= LEN(LSystem_Solution)

        INCR n
        char = MID$(LSystem_Solution, n, 1)

        IF char = "(" THEN                      ' -- Already replaced by other symbol
          n = INSTR(n, LSystem_Solution, ")")   ' -- Seek where it ends
          IF n = LEN(LSystem_Solution) THEN
            EXIT LOOP                           ' -- Last character
          ELSE
            ITERATE LOOP                        ' -- Not last, journey continues
          END IF
        END IF

        ' -- We found a match for symbol, lets "replace" it
        IF char = LSystem_Table(s).symbol THEN

          LSystem_Solution = STRDELETE$(LSystem_Solution, n, 1)
          LSystem_Solution = STRINSERT$(LSystem_Solution, "("+LSystem_Table(s).changesTo+")", n)
          n = INSTR(n, LSystem_Solution, ")")

        END IF

      WEND
    NEXT
    LSystem_Solution = REMOVE$(LSystem_Solution, ANY "()")

  NEXT


  FOR n = 1 TO LEN(LSystem_Solution)

    char  = MID$(LSystem_Solution, n, 1)
    SELECT CASE char
      CASE "A", "B"                 ' -- Both A, B tokens mean draw line
        tgForward (3)

      CASE "+"                      ' -- Clockwise 60°
        tgLeft (-60)

      CASE "-"                      ' -- Counter-Clockwise 60°
        tgRight (-60)

    END SELECT

  NEXT

END SUB

'********** from textrotate.bas, PowerBASIC (PBCC) Sample programs **********************************************************
'requires Win32API
FUNCTION MakeRotatedFont (BYVAL hDC AS DWORD, BYVAL FontName AS STRING, _
                          BYVAL PointSize AS LONG, BYVAL Angle AS LONG, _
                          BYVAL fBold AS LONG, BYVAL fItalic AS LONG, _
                          BYVAL fUnderline AS LONG, BYVAL fStrikeThru AS LONG) AS DWORD
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
' Create a rotated font. Angle is 1/10 of degrees, so 900 = 90 degrees.
' Uses EnumCharSet enumeration to get correct character set.
'--------------------------------------------------------------------

  LOCAL CharSet AS LONG

  PointSize = 0 - (PointSize * GetDeviceCaps(hDC, %LOGPIXELSY)) \ 72
  EnumFontFamilies hDC, BYVAL STRPTR(FontName), CODEPTR(EnumCharSet), BYVAL VARPTR(CharSet)

  FUNCTION = CreateFont(PointSize, 0, _  'height, width (default=0)
             Angle, Angle, _             'escapement(angle), orientation
             fBold, _                    'weight (%FW_DONTCARE = 0, %FW_NORMAL = 400, %FW_BOLD = 700)
             fItalic, _                  'Italic (1/0)
             fUnderline, _               'Underline (1/0)
             fStrikeThru, _              'StrikeThru (1/0)
             CharSet, %OUT_TT_PRECIS, _
             %CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS, %DEFAULT_QUALITY, _
             %FF_DONTCARE , BYCOPY FontName)

END FUNCTION
'====================================================================
FUNCTION EnumCharSet (elf AS ENUMLOGFONT, ntm AS NEWTEXTMETRIC, _
                      BYVAL FontType AS LONG, CharSet AS LONG) AS LONG
  CharSet = elf.elfLogFont.lfCharSet
END FUNCTION

Code:

'TGD or TGDRAWER.BAS
'A demo for tgDraw.INC
'by Emil Menzel, 2008. revised 2009 for PBCC 5.01
'must be compiled in PBCC. It uses both CONSOLE & graphics screens.
'Purpose: Allow user to type in Turtle & DRAW Graphics commands on the fly,
'or draw with a mouse, or call up & run files containing tgDraw scripts.
'I.e., this is a simple interpreter.

#BREAK ON      'unrem this, if you use tgDrawer as a standalone program... See also PBMain function name
#DEBUG DISPLAY ON
#IF NOT %DEF(%WINAPI)
    #INCLUDE "WIN32API.INC"
#ENDIF
#INCLUDE ONCE "tgDraw.INC"

TYPE User
    X AS SINGLE
    Y AS SINGLE
    LB AS LONG
    RB AS LONG
    Kee AS DWORD
    Done AS LONG
    Finished AS LONG
END TYPE

GLOBAL GraphicWindowChildOldProc AS LONG
GLOBAL U AS User

'name this function PBMain if you want to use tgDraw as a standalone program,
'or delete it or name it (e.g.) PBMainXXX otherwise
FUNCTION PBMAIN() AS LONG
    LOCAL A AS STRING
    A = "Draw on graphics screen with mouse. Type tgDraw commands on console. Help=F1. Quit=Esc."
    tgDrawer (A)
END FUNCTION


' Called whenever keyboard or mouse activity is detected in the graphics window.
'(Mark Hunter's simplification of Steve Rossel's mouse & keyboard routine)
FUNCTION GraphicWindowChildNewProc(BYVAL hWnd AS DWORD, BYVAL wMsg AS DWORD, BYVAL wParam AS DWORD, BYVAL lParam AS LONG) AS LONG
  LOCAL L AS LONG
  SELECT CASE wMsg
     '''CASE %WM_CHAR
       '''stdout chr$(LO(WORD,wParam));

     CASE %WM_NCHITTEST
     CASE %WM_MOUSEMOVE
       U.x = LO(WORD, lParam)  ' Current mouse X Position in the graphic window.
       U.y = HI(WORD, lParam)  ' Current mouse Y Position in the graphic window.
     CASE %WM_LBUTTONDOWN
        U.LB =1
     CASE %WM_LBUTTONUP
        U.LB = 0
     CASE %WM_RBUTTONDOWN
        U.RB = 1
     CASE %WM_RBUTTONUP
        U.RB = 0
     CASE %WM_KEYDOWN
        U.kee = wparam
     CASE %WM_KEYUP
        U.kee = 0
  END SELECT

  FUNCTION = CallWindowProc(GraphicWindowChildOldProc, hWnd, wMsg, wParam, lParam)
END FUNCTION


FUNCTION tgDrawer(Message AS STRING) AS LONG

  LOCAL hGraphicWindow AS DWORD, pid AS LONG
  LOCAL hStatic AS DWORD, hwin AS DWORD
  LOCAL A,AA AS STRING
  LOCAL I,J,K,L, c, f, row,col,maxRow,maxCol, xx AS LONG
  LOCAL cmd, cmdUC, m1, m2 AS STRING
  LOCAL LastX, LastY, Dist AS SINGLE
  LOCAL Pt AS PointAPI

  GRAPHIC WINDOW "tgDrawer ", 0, 0, 639, 479 TO hGraphicWindow

  tgAttachGraphic(hGraphicWindow, 0, %TG_DOUBLE_BUFFER)

  ' Retrieve handle to static control (the graphic) on the graphic window (dialog box).
  hStatic = GetWindow(hGraphicWindow, %GW_CHILD)

  ' Subclass the graphic window; any keyboard or mouse activity in the window
  ' will cause the GraphicWindowChildNewProc function to be called.
  GraphicWindowChildOldProc = SetWindowLong(hStatic, %GWL_WNDPROC, CODEPTR(GraphicWindowChildNewProc))

  maxRow=200: MaxCol=90   'for virtual screen
  CONSOLE SET LOC 0,510
  CONSOLE SET SCREEN 10,MaxCol
  CONSOLE SET VIRTUAL MaxRow, MaxCol
  turtle.background = %BLACK
  turtle.color = %WHITE
  m1$ = "#### "
  m2$ = "####.# "
  tgClearScreen     'centers the cursor
  IF Message$<> "" THEN
      GRAPHIC TEXT SIZE Message$ TO lastX, lastY
      Dist = ABS((turtle.CanvasWidth - lastX) \2)
      tgDraw "BM"+FORMAT$(INT(Dist))+ ","+FORMAT$(INT(turtle.canvasheight/2)) + "?"+Message$
  END IF
  tgUpdateScreen
  LastX =0: LastY = 0
  MOUSE 7, DOWN, DOUBLE, UP     'this is mouse on console, not graphics screen
  MOUSE ON
  CURSOR ON, 50
  ' Loop until Esc is pressed on either the graphic window or the console
  WHILE U.finished = 0
    IF U.Done = 59 THEN
        A$ = CHR$(0) + CHR$(59)   'F1 was pressed on graphics screen
        U.Done = 0
    ELSE
        'NOTE: this assumes keypress on graphics screen & on console will be treated the same
        'But of course, knowing U.kee, you can still tell the dfference, if needed
        IF U.kee THEN
            GRAPHIC INKEY$ TO A$  'keydown of Graphics screen
        ELSE
            A$ = INKEY$           'key press on console
        END IF
    END IF
    L = LEN(A$)
    IF L=4 THEN
        K = ASC(A$,3)              'see Keybdcode.bas in PBCC samples
        IF K = 4 OR K=2 THEN
            LOCATE MOUSEY, MOUSEX  'mouse click on console. Move text cursor.
        END IF
        IF K =2 THEN A$=CHR$(13)ELSE A$="" : 'assume double-click = ENTER
    END IF
    IF L THEN row = CURSORY: col = CURSORX
    SELECT CASE A$
       CASE ""                     'nothing
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(75)       'left arrow
           IF col > 1 THEN LOCATE , col-1
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(77)       'right arrow
           IF col < MaxCol THEN LOCATE , col+1
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(72)       'up arrow
           IF row > 1 THEN LOCATE row-1
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(80)       'down arrow
           IF row < MaxRow THEN LOCATE row+1
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(71)       'home
           LOCATE ,1
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(79)       'end
           LOCATE ,MaxCol
       CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(59)       'F1   help
           IF PAGEACTIVE = 1 THEN
               PAGE 2
               CLS
               STDOUT ""
               STDOUT "Help on tgDrawer (the current program):"
               STDOUT
               STDOUT "To start drawing with mouse, left-click on Graphics screen "
               STDOUT "Left- or right-click will also relocate the Turtle"
               STDOUT ""
               STDOUT "To type in commands, type on either Graphics or Console Screen"
               STDOUT "To block commands in a line, insert an ' (apostrophe) before them"
               STDOUT "Double-click a console line (or press Enter) to execute all commands on line"
               STDOUT "Press F1 for help"
               STDOUT "      F2 list the .TXT files in directory"
               STDOUT "      F3 list the .BMP files in directory"
               STDOUT "      F4 run Notepad.exe"
               STDOUT "      F5 run MsPaint.exe"
               STDOUT "      F6 SHELL to DOS prompt"
               STDOUT "      F7 Color chart"
               STDOUT "      Ctrl-C copy (& Trim) current console line to clipboard"
               STDOUT "      Ctrl-D change COLOR to that at current mouse x,y location"
               STDOUT "      Ctrl-X & Ctrl-Y to copy (no Trim) current line AND erase it"
               STDOUT "      Esc to quit help &/or current program"
               STDOUT "To GOTO any given console page (1-8), row, & col, Type PAGE n1,n2,n3"
               STDOUT ""
               STDOUT "(NOTE: In tgDrawer as in tgDraw script files, use only string literals)"
               STDOUT "To load a .BMP file or run a tgDraw script, type its name & press Enter"
               STDOUT "To read, edit or copy from a tgDraw script file: use (e.g.) Notepad"
               STDOUT "To paste in commands that you have copied into clipboard, press Ctrl-V"
               STDOUT "For additional Edit commands, click top-left corner of Console Screen"
               STDOUT ""
               STDOUT "To quit tgDrawer, press Esc from Pg 1 of Console Screen"
               STDOUT ""
               CALL tgHelpOnDraw

               PAGE 2,2
               LOCATE 1,1
           ELSE
               PAGE 1,1
           END IF

        CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(60), CHR$(0)+CHR$(61)   'F2, F3 show .TXT & .BMP files in current Directory
           DIM temp$
           IF A$=CHR$(0)+CHR$(60) THEN temp$=DIR$("*.TXT") ELSE temp$=DIR$("*.BMP")
           IF temp$<>"" THEN STDOUT: STDOUT "files in current directory"
           WHILE LEN(temp$)
              STDOUT UCASE$(temp$)
              temp$ = DIR$
           WEND

        CASE CHR$(0) + CHR$(62)    'F4 shell to Notepad
            pid=SHELL ("NOTEPAD.EXE",1)   'run asynchronously, same time as TGD
        CASE CHR$(0) + CHR$(63)    'F5 shell to MsPaint
            pid=SHELL ("MSPAINT.EXE",1)   'run asynchronously, same time as TGD
        CASE CHR$(0) + CHR$(64)     'F6 SHELL to command line
            STDOUT ""
            STDOUT "When done with DOS prompt, Type EXIT"
            STDOUT ""
            SHELL ENVIRON$("COMSPEC")
        CASE CHR$(0)+CHR$(65)      'F7 Color chart
            tgDraw "Q"                                'clear the graphics screen
            tgDraw "C15 S1"                       'color, and scale for line drawing
            tgDraw "BM240,130 U80R80 D80L80"  'draw big box
            tgDraw "FONT 8,1 BM230,137  ?To get a Random color
            tgDraw "BM230,150 ?Click in box & type: Prandom , 15
            tgDraw "BM0,220"
            tgDraw "X16(BM+31,+0 U40R20D40L20)"  'draw a row of 16 small box white boxes
            tgDraw "BM0,220 C0"
            tgDraw  "X16 (BM+31,+0 BE3 P16,15 BG3 C+1 )"  'paint each box. If  P val >15=it is changed to C
            tgDraw "BM31,230 C15 ? 0        1        2        3         4        5        6         7        8        9        10       11       12      13       14      15
            tgDraw "BM230,245 FONT8,1 ?To make pen the same color as Mouse's location, press Ctrl+d
            tgDraw "BM230,260 ?Or type Cn or Cn1,n2,n3

        CASE CHR$(27)              'Esc
            IF PAGEACTIVE = 1 THEN
                U.finished = 1
            ELSE
                PAGE 1, 1
            END IF
        CASE CHR$(13)              'Enter. Process below.
            U.Done = 1
        CASE CHR$(8)               'backspace
            IF col > 1 THEN
                LOCATE , col-1
                STDOUT SPACE$(1);
                LOCATE , col - 1
            END IF
        CASE CHR$(3),CHR$(24),CHR$(25)  'Ctrl-C, Ctrl-X, Ctrl-Y copy entire current line to clipbd
                                        'X & Y will then erase current, visible line
            AA$=SPACE$(MaxCol)
            FOR J = 1 TO MaxCol
                MID$(AA$,J,1) = CHR$(SCREEN(Row,J))
            NEXT
            IF A$ = CHR$(3) THEN AA$=LTRIM$(AA$)    'delete leading spaces
            CLIPBOARD RESET
            CLIPBOARD SET TEXT(AA$)
            IF A$ > CHR$(3) THEN
                LOCATE ,1: STDOUT SPACE$(MaxCol);
                LOCATE ,1
            END IF
        CASE CHR$(4)               'Ctrl-D set color to whatever RGB color the mouse is on
            GRAPHIC GET PIXEL (U.X, U.Y) TO turtle.Color
        CASE CHR$(22)              'Ctrl-V Paste from Clipboard
           CLIPBOARD GET TEXT TO AA$
           STDOUT AA$;
           '''U.Done = 1   'execute immediately
        CASE < CHR$(32)
            '''stdout "you pressed ASC "+str$(ASC(A$))
        CASE > CHR$(31)
           IF L =1 THEN
               STDOUT A$;
           END IF
    END SELECT

    IF U.Done = 1 THEN
        'read whatever line the console cursor is on
        cmd=""
        FOR I = 1 TO MaxCol
            B$ = CHR$(SCREEN(Row,I))
            IF B$ = "'" THEN EXIT FOR     'exclude REMs
            cmd = cmd + B$
        NEXT
        cmd=TRIM$(cmd)
        cmdUC=UCASE$(cmd)
        IF LEN(cmd) > 4 THEN A$ = UCASE$(RIGHT$(cmd,4))
        IF LEN(cmd) < 1 THEN
            'skip it

        ELSEIF INSTR (cmdUC, "SHELL") = 1 THEN
            STDOUT ""
            STDOUT "When done with DOS prompt, Type EXIT"
            STDOUT ""
            IF LEN (cmd)> 5 THEN
                SHELL ENVIRON$("COMSPEC") + " \c "+ MID$(cmd,6)
            ELSE
                SHELL ENVIRON$("COMSPEC")
            END IF
        ELSEIF INSTR (cmdUC, "READFILE") = 1 OR A$ = ".TXT" OR A$ = ".BMP" THEN
            'this assumes .txt files are tgDraw commands
            'To read plain vanilla text files, use Notepad
            tgReadFile(cmd)
        ELSEIF cmdUC = "CLS" THEN
           CLS ' clear console screen.. use Qn for graphic
        ELSEIF INSTR(cmdUC,"NOTEPAD") =1  THEN
            pid=SHELL ("NOTEPAD.EXE",1)   'run asynchronously, same time as TGD
        ELSEIF INSTR(cmdUC,"PAINT") THEN
            pid=SHELL ("MSPAINT.EXE",1)   'run asynchronously, same time as TGD
        ELSEIF INSTR(cmdUC,"PAGE") =1  THEN      'GOTO console page, row, column
            DIM cm0 AS LONG, cm1 AS LONG, cmx AS LONG,cmY AS LONG
            cmdUC +=SPACE$(2) 'pad it
            cm0 = VAL(MID$(cmdUC,5))
            IF cm0 > 0 AND cm0<9 THEN PAGE cm0,cm0     'switch console page
            cm1 =TALLY (cmdUC,",")
            IF cm1 = 0 THEN
                cmY = 1: cmX =1
            ELSE
                IF cm1 > 0 THEN cmY = VAL(PARSE$(cmdUC,",",2))
                IF cm1 > 1 THEN cmX = VAL(PARSE$(cmdUC,",",3))
                IF cmX < 1 THEN cmX = CURSORX
                IF cmY < 1 THEN cmy = CURSORY
                IF cmX > MaxCol THEN cmX = MaxCol
                IF cmY > MaxRow THEN cmy = MaxRow
            END IF
            LOCATE cmY, cmX
        ELSE
           tgDraw(cmd)
        END IF
        tgUpdateScreen
        U.Done = 0
    END IF

    IF U.LB = 1 THEN
        'TGDRAW ON GRAPHICS SCREEN w/ mouse left button
        Dist = SQR((U.X - LastX)^2 +(U.Y - LastY)^2)
        IF Dist > 0 THEN
            A$ = "M"+FORMAT$(U.X)+ "," + FORMAT$(U.Y)
            IF Dist > turtle.DistGap THEN A$="B" + A$
            '''stdout A$ + " ";    'record move
            LastX=U.X
            LastY=U.Y
            tgDraw(A$)
            tgUpdateScreen
        END IF
    ELSEIF U.RB = 1 THEN
        turtle.PX = U.X
        turtle.PY = U.Y
    END IF


    GOSUB ColorString:
    A$ = "TGD Graphics  Mouse " + FORMAT$(U.X,m1$) + "," + FORMAT$(U.Y,m1$)+_
         "  Turtle "+FORMAT$(INT(Turtle.PX),m2$) + "," + FORMAT$(INT(Turtle.PY),m2$)+_
         B$ + SPACE$(5)

    SetWindowText hGraphicWindow, (A$)    'win api  print on top line
    A$="TGD   Console      Page-Row-Col   "+FORMAT$(PAGEVISIBLE,m1$)+ ","+_
        FORMAT$(CURSORY,m1$) + "," + FORMAT$(CURSORX,m1$)
    CONSOLE NAME A$
    GRAPHIC GET DC TO hwin: IF hwin=0 THEN U.Finished = 1' Window was closed by [x] so Quit
    SLEEP 0

  WEND

  IF PAGEVISIBLE <> 1 THEN CLS: PAGE 1, 1
  GRAPHIC WINDOW END
  FUNCTION = 27   'ASC of Escape key
  EXIT FUNCTION

  '============ GOSUB =========================
  ColorString:
   'Petr's note re splitting color components
    '- there are various hacks, but one of the more elegant could be the following:

    ' -- Classic RGB color
    DIM rgbColor AS LONG

    #IF 0

    GetCursorPos Pt                           'win api mouse pos
    ScreenToClient hGraphicWindow, pt                   'win api mouse pos on graph per se
    IF U.X<>Pt.X OR U.Y<>Pt.Y THEN
        STDOUT "Mouse readings do not agree"+FORMAT$(Pt.X)+","+FORMAT$(Pt.Y)+"   "+FORMAT$(U.X)+","+FORMAT$(U.Y)
        WAITKEY$
    END IF
    #ENDIF

    GRAPHIC GET PIXEL (U.X, U.Y) TO rgbColor   'color at mouse's "hot spot"
    'rgbColor = RGB(255, 128, 64)

    ' -- We want to extract components - lets use memory overlays
    DIM MyColor(1 TO 3) AS BYTE AT VARPTR(rgbColor)
    ' -- Now MyColor(1) = R, MyColor(2) = G, MyColor(3) = B

    'Is this one of the 16 color values used by function tgColorVal?
    FOR I = 0 TO 15
        IF rgbColor = tgColorVal(I) THEN EXIT FOR
    NEXT
    IF I > 15 THEN B$="DOScolor ?? -" ELSE B$="DOScolor"+STR$(I)
    B$ += " RGB " + STR$(MyColor(1))+ "," + STR$(MyColor(2))+ "," + STR$(MyColor(3))
    RETURN
END FUNCTION

**Petr Schreiber jr** · 9 Aug 2009, 04:31 PM

You can download complete turtle package from this post.
It contains:

New examples
Improved documentation
... and of course the turtle include file

It is recommended to use PB/WIN 9 and PB/CC 5 series of the compilers.

Attached Files

tgDraw_DistroPackage_Aug2009.zip (145.7 KB, 153 views)

**Paul Meyer** · 15 Sep 2011, 06:26 PM

I thought this might be a good demo. It was a homework for my computer science class.

Code:

#COMPILE EXE
#DIM ALL

#INCLUDE "tgDraw.inc"

SUB resetTree()
  tgClearScreen()
  tgPenUp()
  tgRight(90)
  tgForward(250)
  tgRight(180)
  tgPenDown()
END SUB

SUB init()
  LOCAL hWnd AS DWORD, Xmax AS SINGLE, Ymax AS SINGLE

  Xmax=800: Ymax=600
  CONSOLE SET LOC 0, 0
  GRAPHIC WINDOW "Recur Tree", 700, 0, Xmax, Ymax TO hWnd
  tgAttachGraphic(hWnd, 0, %TG_DOUBLE_BUFFER)
  tgSetColor(%TG_WHITE, %TG_BLACK)
  resetTree
END SUB

SUB drawTree(se AS LONG, si AS LONG)
    IF se <> 0 THEN
        tgForward(si)
        tgLeft(45)
        tgSetColor(RND(1,15), %TG_BLACK)
        drawTree se - 1, si/1.5
        tgRight(90)
        drawTree se - 1, si/1.5
        tgLeft(45)
        tgForward(-si)
        'tgUpdateScreen()
    END IF
END SUB


FUNCTION PBMAIN () AS LONG
    LOCAL treeSeg AS LONG
    LOCAL treeSize AS LONG
    LOCAL again AS STRING

    init
    again = "y"
    WHILE again = "y" OR again = "Y"
        INPUT "Type the number of tree segments: ", treeSeg
        INPUT "Type the length of each segment: ", treeSize
        resetTree
        drawTree treeSeg, treeSize
        tgUpdateScreen()
        PRINT "Try again(y/n)?"
        again = WAITKEY$
    WEND
    PRINT "Any key to exit. . ."
    WAITKEY$
END FUNCTION

**Petr Schreiber jr** · 16 Sep 2011, 01:31 AM

Such a nice example, can we add it to the Samples for tgDraw in next release?

Petr

**Paul Meyer** · 16 Sep 2011, 10:07 AM

Sure. If I post it, then you can use it however you want. Anyway, I have one more coming out, but I'm having trouble with it.

**Paul Meyer** · 23 Sep 2011, 12:59 PM

Here's the next one. This one draws flower like things.

Code:

#COMPILE EXE
#DIM ALL

#INCLUDE "tgDraw.inc"

GLOBAL color1 AS LONG
GLOBAL color2 AS LONG

SUB init()
  LOCAL hWnd AS DWORD

  GRAPHIC WINDOW "Flowers", 700, 0, 800, 600 TO hWnd
  tgAttachGraphic(hWnd, 0, %TG_DOUBLE_BUFFER)
  tgSetColor(%TG_WHITE, %TG_BLACK)
  tgClearScreen()
END SUB

SUB drawFlower(length AS INTEGER, BYVAL pedals AS INTEGER, angle AS INTEGER)
    IF pedals <> 0 THEN
        IF pedals MOD 2 THEN
            tgSetColor(color1, %TG_BLACK)
        ELSE
            tgSetColor(color2, %TG_BLACK)
        END IF
        tgRight(angle)
        drawBox 4, length
        DECR pedals
        drawFlower length, pedals, angle
    ELSE
        tgSetColor(%TG_LIGHTGREEN, %TG_BLACK)
        tgSetWidth(3)
        tgRight(90)
        tgForward(length * 4)
        tgSetWidth(1)
    END IF
END SUB

SUB drawBox(sides AS INTEGER, length AS INTEGER)
    IF sides <> 0 THEN
        tgForward(length)
        tgRight(90)
        DECR sides
        drawBox sides, length
    END IF
END SUB

FUNCTION PBMAIN () AS LONG
    LOCAL angle AS INTEGER
    LOCAL length AS INTEGER
    LOCAL pedals AS INTEGER
    LOCAL amount AS INTEGER
    LOCAL i AS INTEGER

    CONSOLE SET LOC 0, 0
    PRINT "Test Cases"
    PRINT "=========="
    PRINT "Dandelion = 20, 15, 40, 8, 15"
    PRINT "Medium = 30, 30, 50, 14, 15"
    PRINT "Large = 60, 100, 1, 5, 14"
    PRINT ""
    INPUT "Type the number of pedals: ", pedals
    INPUT "Type the length of each pedal: ", length
    INPUT "How many? ", amount
    INPUT "Color #1: ", color1
    INPUT "Color #2: ", color2
    init
    angle = 360/pedals
    RANDOMIZE TIMER
    FOR i = 1 TO amount
        tgSetPos(RND(1,800), RND(1,600))
        drawFlower length, pedals, angle
        tgUpdateScreen()
    NEXT i
    CONSOLE SET FOCUS
    PRINT "Any key. . ."
    WAITKEY$
END FUNCTION

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