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' Compiler: PBCC ' Could use PBWIN by nixing the Console statement ' and using MsgBox for Waitkey$ ' You have a circular mirror, the silver on its convex, bulging, side. ' Given an Object and an Eye, where on the mirror does the ' Eye see the Object? ' ' This point on the circle can be determined as follows. ' ' Start by choosing the two points on the circle, call them L and R, ' where lines from the circle's center to the points E and O intersect ' the circle. Then find the point between them, call it M, on the ' circle. ' ' Like the ancient Greeks did, think of finding an "eye-ray" going ' from the Eye to the mirror, reflecting so it hits the Object. Real ' light rays simply backtrack eye-rays. (Or you could just swap the ' designations Eye and Object.) ' Shoot an "eye-ray" from E to each of these three points L, M, and R, ' and consider the reflected rays. A pair of them (from L&M or M&R) ' will straddle O. (Sometimes you'll have to consider fictional ' internal reflections.) ' ' Take the midpoint (on the circle) of this pair. Again shoot the ' eye-rays and again choose the pair of points where the reflected ' rays straddle O. Etc, dividing the circular arc in half each time. ' Thus you home in on the point on the circle which is the exact ' reflection point. (Running the rays in reverse doesn't change ' the reflection point.) '------------------------------------------------------------ #Compile Exe #Dim All Global a, b As Single 'Eye at (a,b) Global c, d As Single 'Object at (c,d) Global xxP As Single, yyP As Single 'head of reflected vector %radius = 200 'radius of circle (cross-section of cylinder) %radius2 = %radius*%radius 'radius squared %dotradius = 3 'dot radius %maxIterations = 20 'more than enough for tolerance (see Sub Found) %delay0 = 250 'initial delay %delay = 200 'delay between iterations '------------------------------------------------------------ 'length of vector Function Norm(x As Single, y As Single) As Single Function = Sqr(x*x + y*y) End Function '------------------------------------------------------------ 'normalize vector -- make it unit length Sub Normalize(x As Single, y As Single) Local s As Single s = Sqr(x*x + y*y) x = x/s y = y/s End Sub '------------------------------------------------------------ 'change length of vector to N Sub Lengthen(x As Single, y As Single, N As Long) Local s As Single s = Sqr(x*x + y*y) x = x*N/s y = y*N/s End Sub '------------------------------------------------------------ ' Given point (x0,y0) outside of circle ' Return projection onto circle (x,y) ' Note: x and y returned by reference Sub Project(x0 As Single, y0 As Single, x As Single, y As Single) Local s As Single s = Norm(x0,y0) x = x0*%radius/s y = y0*%radius/s End Sub '------------------------------------------------------------ ' Given two rays, one directed from (xs,ys) to (x1,y1) and beyond, ' the other from (xt,yt) to (x2,y2) and beyond, ' with the angle between them less than 180 degrees on the side facing ' the Object point (c,d). ' Return the result: Is the Object point (c,d) between these rays? Function Astride(xs As Single, ys As Single, x1 As Single, y1 As Single, _ xt As Single, yt As Single, x2 As Single, y2 As Single) As Long Local ms, mt As Single 'slopes Local xi, yi As Single 'interesection of rays Local xx1, yy1, xx2, yy2 As Single 'translated to xi,yi Local cc, dd As Single 'ditto Local xx, yy As Single 'chord intersection ' Local m, mm As Single 'slopes Local d1, d2, d3 As Single 'distances 'find back intersection of reflected eye rays 'the slopes are ms = (y1 - ys)/(x1 - xs) mt = (y2 - yt)/(x2 - xt) ' if ms = mt then no solution, but won't happen. 'equation of first ray ' y = ms*(x - xs) + ys 'second ray ' y = mt*(x - xt) + yt xi = (ms*xs - mt*xt - ys + yt)/(ms - mt) yi = ms*(xi - xs) + ys 'translate (xi,yi) to (0,0) xx1 = x1 - xi yy1 = y1 - yi xx2 = x2 - xi yy2 = y2 - yi cc = c - xi dd = d - yi 'make first two the same length If Norm(xx1,yy1) > Norm(xx2,yy2) Then Lengthen xx1,yy1, Norm(xx2,yy2) Else Lengthen xx2,yy2, Norm(xx1,yy1) End If 'find intersection of (xi,yi)-(c,d) with (x1,y1)-(x2,y2) 'or rather '(0,0)-(cc,dd) with (xx1,yy1)-(xx2,yy2) ' m = dd/cc ' mm = (yy2 - yy1)/(xx2 - xx1) ' xx = (m*cc - dd - mm*xx1 + yy1)/(m - mm) ' yy = m*(xx - cc) + dd If Abs(cc) > Abs(dd) Then 'worry about division by near 0 xx = (xx2*yy1 - xx1*yy2)*cc/(dd*(xx2 - xx1) - cc*(yy2 - yy1)) yy = dd*xx/cc Else yy = (xx2*yy1 - xx1*yy2)*dd/(dd*(xx2 - xx1) - cc*(yy2 - yy1)) xx = cc*yy/dd End If 'is xx,yy between (xx1,yy1) and (xx2,yy2) ? 'same as: do distances add: d1 + d2 = d3 d1 = Norm(xx - xx1, yy - yy1) d2 = Norm(xx - xx2, yy - yy2) d3 = Norm(xx1 - xx2, yy1 - yy2) Function = (Abs(d1 + d2 - d3) < .1) End Function '------------------------------------------------------------ 'This is called at the end of each iteration. 'No solution if Eye and Object are on different sides of circle. 'In that case reflection is internal instead of external 'Always give this function (x,y) = (xM,yM), 'on the circle near the point of reflection Function NoSolution(x As Single, y As Single) As Long 'boolean Local xV,yV, xW,yW As Single Local xU,yU As Single 'at this point 'x,y is on circle, near the point of reflection 'a,b is Eye 'xxP,yyP is NOT near Object (c,d) xV = a - x 'turn into vectors yV = b - y xW = xxP - x yW = yyP - y Lengthen xV,yV, 1000 'make same length, say 1000 Lengthen xW,yW, 1000 xU = xV + xW 'add them yU = yV + yW Lengthen xU,yU, %radius 'make length of circle radius xU = x + xU 'move tail to (xM,yM) yU = y + yU 'internal reflection if head towards center of circle (0,0) Function = (Abs(xU) < %radius*.5 And Abs(yU) < %radius*.5) End Function '------------------------------------------------------------ 'Does the line from the reflection point (x,y) to (xxP,yyP) 'go through (within tolerance) the Object point (c,d) ? Function Found(x As Single, y As Single) As Long Local AA, BB, CC As Single 'equation of line in X,Y ' (yyP - y)*X - (xxP - x)*Y - (yyP - y)*x + (xxP - x)*y = 0 AA = yyP - y BB = -xxP + x CC = -(yyP - y)*x + (xxP - x)*y Function = (Abs(AA*c + BB*d + CC)/Norm(AA,BB) <= .01) End Function '------------------------------------------------------------ ' Given (x,y) on the circle, ' and hence the unit vector in the direction from the Eye to that point. ' Return the vector that is the reflection of this vector ' off the tangent at (x,y). ' Comments: ' Let V' = V reflected. ' Let u = unit vector parallel to the tangent to circle at (x,y), ' either direction. ' u = (y,-x) normalized = (y,-x)/%radius ' Let Vpara = V's component parallel to u. ' Let Vperp = V's component perpendicular to u. ' Then ' V = Vpara + Vperp ' V' = Vpara - Vperp ' Thus ' V' = 2Vpara - V ' Since Vpara = (V*u)u where * is the dot product, ' V' = 2(V*u)u - V Sub Reflect(x As Single, y As Single, xR As Single, yR As Single) Local vx, vy As Single Local ux, uy As Single Local c As Single vx = x - a vy = y - b ux = y/%radius uy = -x/%radius c = 2*(vx*ux + vy*uy) xR = c*ux - vx yR = c*uy - vy End Sub '------------------------------------------------------------ ' Given point on circle (x,y) and color, ' Shoot eye-ray at it, draw it and reflected ray. Function Shoot(x As Single, y As Single, c As Long) As Long Local xP, yP As Single 'reflection of an Eye-ray 'The trouble with not using internal reflections is that 'sometimes it would result in giving up too soon. Graphic Line(a,b)-(x,y), c Reflect x, y, xP, yP Normalize xP,yP xxP = x + xP*600 'magnify so end beyond window yyP = y + yP*600 Graphic Line(x,y)-(xxP,yyP), c Function = Found(x,y) End Function '------------------------------------------------------------ Sub DisplayFixedElements 'Circular mirror Graphic Ellipse (-%radius, %radius) - (%radius, -%radius), %Red, %Red 'Instructions Graphic Set Pos (-387,100-6): Graphic Print "Press Esc to quit," Graphic Set Pos (-387,100-23): Graphic Print "Enter or any other key" Graphic Set Pos (-387,100-40): Graphic Print "for new points." 'Eye and Object Graphic Ellipse (a-%dotradius, b-%dotradius) - (a+%dotradius, b+%dotradius), %Blue, %Blue Graphic Ellipse (c-%dotradius, d-%dotradius) - (c+%dotradius, d+%dotradius), %Yellow, %Yellow End Sub '------------------------------------------------------------ Function PBMain Local winC As Dword 'handle of window Local aa As Single, bb As Single 'projection of Eye Local cc As Single, dd As Single 'projection of Object Local x, y As Single 'point on circle Local xL, yL As Single 'point L at (xL,yL) Local xR, yR As Single 'point R at (xR,yR) Local xM, yM As Single 'midpoint M at (xM,yM) Local getkey As String 'result of WaitKey$ Local xxP_L, yyP_L As Single 'saved values of xxP, yyP Local xxP_R, yyP_R As Single Local xxP_M, yyP_M As Single Local count As Long 'count iterations 'set up 800x600 graphic window Graphic Window "", 0, 0, 800, 600 To winC Graphic Attach winC,0, ReDraw 'origin (0,0) at middle, 100 down from top Graphic Scale(-%radius*2,100)-(%radius*2,-500) ' was 0 -600 Console Set Loc 0,600 'hide console Console Set Focus 'but give it focus for keystrokes Randomize Timer Graphic Font "Times New Roman", 12, 0 Start: 'main loop Do a = Rnd(-400+10,400-10) 'random Eye point b = Rnd(-500+10,100-10) Loop Until a*a + b*b > %radius2 + 10 'outside of circle Do c = Rnd(-400+10,400-10) 'random Object point d = Rnd(-500+10,100-10) Loop Until c*c + d*d > %radius2 + 10 'outside of circle DisplayFixedElements Graphic ReDraw Sleep %delay0 'determine starting points L and M by 'projecting points Eye and Object onto circle Project a, b, aa, bb xL = aa yL = bb Project c, d, cc, dd xR = cc yR = dd For count = 1 To %maxIterations Graphic Clear DisplayFixedElements 'Given the two points L = (xL,yL) and M = (xR,yR) on the circle 'find the midpoint between them (x,y) on the circle Project xL + xR, yL + yR, xM, yM 'returns (xM,yM) 'Now have three points on circle L, M, and R. If Shoot(xL,yL,%Green) GoTo LastRay 'shoot ray to L xxP_L = xxP 'save (xxP,yyP) yyP_L = yyP If Shoot(xM,yM,%Magenta) GoTo LastRay 'shoot ray to M xxP_M = xxP 'save (xxP,yyP) yyP_M = yyP If Astride(xL,yL, xxP_L,yyP_L, xM,yM, xxP_M,yyP_M) Then 'between L and M ? xR = xM yR = yM Else 'try R and M If Shoot(xR,yR,%Gray) Then GoTo Lastray 'shoot ray to R Graphic Set Pos (0,-140) If Astride(xR,yR, xxP_R,yyP_R, xM,yM, xxP_M,yyP_M) Then 'between R and M ? xL = xM yL = yM Else Graphic Set Pos (-20,-140) 'should never get here Graphic Print "Failed" Graphic ReDraw GoTo Done End If End If Graphic ReDraw If InStat Then GoTo Done Sleep %delay/Sqr(count) 'less delay between iterations as we progress Next LastRay: If NoSolution(xM,yM) Then 'Eye and Object on different sides of circle? Graphic Clear DisplayFixedElements Graphic Set Pos (-35,-140) Graphic Print " No solution " Graphic ReDraw GoTo Done End If Graphic Clear DisplayFixedElements Shoot xM,yM, %White Graphic ReDraw Done: getkey = WaitKey$ Graphic Clear If getkey$ <> Chr$(27) Then GoTo Start End Function
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